Compare the use of language of the two editorials Essay

Look at the utilization of language in the two articles, considering specifically how far the way that they were composed at various occasions is reflected in the language of the two messages The two writings are incredibly differentiating in their utilization of language and it is evident from the dates that they were composed with regards to why this is the situation. The primary publication was distributed in The Daily Mirror (broadsheet) in 1912 and depends on the deadly calamity of the Titanic. The subsequent publication was imprinted in The Sun (newspaper) in 1999 and remarks about the train wreck that happened in the channel burrow. The graphological highlights of every content are very contrasting, despite the fact that the two of them have the talk structure of a publication. The Titanic article’s text is part unevenly into five conjoined, long sections and is of a marginally littler textual style, yet likewise includes essentially more words, demonstrating a progressively complex peruser. In examination the article on the train mishap has next to no content and highlights each sentence to be a different passage, duplicating the organization of a rundown/visual cues. This makes the content substantially more open to the peruser as it can speak to a more extensive scope of brains and age bunches while thinking about crowd. The article on the Titanic’s just typographical variety of text style is the intense, promoted and focus underlined title â€Å"one contact of nature† and furthermore the dropped capital of â€Å"Draughtsmen† to start the publication, demonstrating that the piece is very good old in style as a dropped capital is a conventional method that goes back to religious community composing. The article in The Sun anyway depicts significantly progressively typographical variety as the start, center and end sentences/words are in a bolded, underlined text style and the â€Å"Why† for each question just as the title â€Å"The sun says† and the â€Å"The† to start the article are additionally all bolded and promoted to include accentuation and center significance and consideration. There is likewise an emphasized sentence that claims â€Å"this is unmistakably not true†, this has in all likelihood been stressed to emphasize the purpose of influence into concurring with The Sun’s by and large sentiment, as this isn't a reality so it must be related to for it to pick up status as a trustworthy feeling. The utilization of ‘Chunnel’ toward the finish of The Sun’s article, is a mix word comprised of the two words ‘channel’ and ‘tunnel’, showing a progressively current, state-of-the-art crowd. The Daily Mirror article is very enlightening and is significantly more formal in tone, impersonating he account of a story as it continues in sequential request, alluding to the calamity in a beautiful way while utilizing long unpredictable and compound sentences to draw in the peruser and upgrade idealism, driving the peruser to feel as though they were really present at the time as they are taken through this excursion. Each sentence is especially all around made and exact to likewise additionally represent that of a story, as there is no suddenness and the words set up to catch feeling have been all around organized and made. The ‘story’ is part into four phases of the excursion, the first being the arranging of the boat, the second its real structure, the third the starting of the Titanic and the fourth the sinking. Despite the fact that the ‘sinking’ of the Titanic should be the primary subject of the article as it is the end, stunning outcome, there is no sign of this when perusing the piece and simply subsequent to having perused the whole article does the title ‘one contact of nature’ appear to fit. This might be for generally speaking effect and to exemplify the ‘story’ like structure as without predispositions the peruser would not realize this was to be the result. There is a strategy of parallelism in the primary article which makes up the second passage with the sentence ‘work of the trained hand was to follow work of coordinating mind’ making a decent sentence. There is additionally the scholarly utilization of alternate extremes (absolute opposite) supporting the idea that the content is very much made with the sentence ‘A changeless populace is named to live here, with the changing travelers prepared to start the voyage†¦ ‘ the contrary words being ‘permanent’ and ‘changing’ as they compare one another. The jargon utilized is amazingly old in nature e. g. ‘At once, with considerable commotion of ringing blow’ and this is strengthened all through with the high detail of portrayal, though in The Sun (the later dated paper article) it is demonstrated that the principle center is around the real issue nearby and that turns into the full body of the content, there is next to no depiction to help it and the reason and subject is misused immediately. The article from The Sun is amazingly disparaging of the fire in the Channel Tunnel and tries to point fault, going about as though it was someone’s issue while in the article on the Titanic, the flaw is by all accounts ‘our stepmother nature’ of whom is a characteristic event so no fault can truly be set up. The Sun seems to accuse everything except for nature †‘The train’, ‘Eurotunnel’, ‘the driver and train chief’, ‘the staff in general’ and ‘the refined ventilation system’. The Sun’s article depends on a ‘near disaster’ where nobody kicked the bucket or went to any prompt mischief and it recognizes this inside the article ‘happily, everybody endure †yet it could all have been so extraordinary. ‘ Yet its general demeanor exemplifies a ‘angry/heated’ tone. While, in the article dependent on the Titanic, despite the fact that masses of individuals passed on, there was no accuse coordinated and it was just acknowledged as ‘nature’s doing’. Notwithstanding, this extraordinarily thinks about the period that the article was composed as of late, individuals have been attempting to discover fault for this incredible calamity and making presumptions of poor craftsmanship and so on, so perhaps at the time that the article was distributed (1912) individuals were less prepared to point fault and all the more tolerating of what they were told. The Sun appears to request responds to through non-serious inquiries (e. g. the steady and bolded utilization of ‘why’ to feature six principle questions, adopting an immediate strategy and utilizing a significant open crusading viewpoint) and continues to gather the peruser into posing these inquiries themselves through its high utilization of influence and assemblages. For instance, ‘the one thing everybody feared†¦ In any case, we were assured†¦ ‘, ‘the open deserves†¦ ‘, these sentences are convincing and attempting to draw in the peruser using possessive pronouns ‘we’, ‘our’ and aggregates ‘everyone’ and in any event, remarking that the open ‘deserves’ a clarification, taking an incredibly close to home yet very casual tone to associate with the peruser and connect with their evident perspectives. The opening, second heading ‘Black Hole’ is a joke/similitude which additionally closes the article and shows how paper title texts are composed right now (they must be appealing, short and are as a rule in some type of a play on words) instead of when The Daily Mirror article was composed as the heading impersonates a story like title. In general, the language and procedures utilized in every article enormously feature and depict their contrasting distributed occasions and despite the fact that their subjects are very comparative, the depiction of each is totally different through various parts of language and lexical change.

Strengths And Limitations Of Being A Social Worker Social Work Essay Essay Example

Qualities And Limitations Of Being A Social Worker Social Work Essay Example Qualities And Limitations Of Being A Social Worker Social Work Essay Paper Qualities And Limitations Of Being A Social Worker Social Work Essay Paper Sing my qualities, I am deliberate, well-intentioned, liberal, accommodating, low and unassuming and I confide in others. As an expert, I am non-critical, non blaming the customer for their issues. Regardless of whether individual offends me, I am fast to pardon. These characteristics are of import for me, since I am working and will work with a collection of people social insurance experts, customers, etc who may display rigid and requesting characters that might be questioning to work with. Finding the correct mediation or administration for every customer dependent on their requests requires an originative person. I am other than careful, persevering, great composed, have great self-subject, and take my obligations sincerely. These attributes are appropriate for when I am working autonomously or shipping overwhelming caseloads. My extrospective character other than suits my calling point as a cultural laborer as cooperation with others is a significant piece of a cultural specialist s occupation. Sing conveying achievements, I am effusive, self-declaring, friendly and dynamic. Over the mature ages I have other than prevailing to maturate inwardly. One of my limitations is that, in spite of the fact that I talk four semantic correspondences easily, my Spanish is non adequate yet with regards to pass oning with Latino customers. I am show signs of improvement ofing this individual limitation by taking a class in the accompanying semester as a beginning stage. My other limitation is a lack of understanding as a cultural specialist. As I learn and seeing the issues that customers have, I am distinguishing that there is significantly more to larn. There are numerous worries that I despite everything do non cognize how to oversee, however I am larning and will larn more in the nearby from this point forward. A portion of my own characteristics incorporate being persuaded and energetic in a keen and deferential mode. I am ready to keep a generous and caring aura, even in harrowing condition of affairss. I have an excellent grade for mind, which shows that I endeavor to larn and keep my present comprehension, which is essential for a decent and energetic cultural specialist. I am really worried about others and try to deal with everybody with civility and benevolence. I have ever wanted to investigate and try in my nation of association. Whenever I got an opportunity in 2005 to make a trip back to class, I was to the full dedicated to hang out in my surveies. My end is non only to secure great classs, yet close to the full comprehend the builds in my surveies and have the option to dissect them. There are numerous cultural issues in our general public that I would wish to actually loan to for the advancement of society. Through obtaining, I had the option to see a portion of my ain encounters from the days of old, and on the other hand of accepting them as a terrible exercise, I acknowledged them as questioning excursion. One of my scholarly closures is to keep up my above mean classs. I put in enormous endeavor and troublesome work into my surveies. Making it to the Dean s list each semester is other than a priority. After geting at this college, I was resolved that I would pass my following four mature ages in pursue of new musings and encounters. Present and Past Experiences 3. What proficient achievements and encounters make you a proper campaigner for our arrangement? Sing my work understanding, since 2005 I have been answerable for everyday planning of exercises and providing positive social closures and focuses on an eight twelvemonth old male youngster with high working chemical imbalance. This twelvemonth, I was utilized at California Psychcare as a conduct instructor. This organization is one of the dealers for North Los Angeles County Regional Center where I give treatment for kids chemical imbalance. Other than my low maintenance work, I have other than been an assistant since August 2009 at the Domestic Abuse Center, which is situated in Reseda, California. We are prepared deliberate advocators responding with constabulary to household power calls, offering quick guide with clinical, legitimate and reding referrals and haven alternatives. From January to May 2009, I was an intentional at the Therapeutic Living Centers for the Blind in Reseda, California. The customers were legally unsighted what's more had some evaluation of psychological disablement. My associations with them included larning fitting recommendation, help and conveying procedures. In May 2009, I got a Dr. Russ Miller Scholarship Award given by the CSUN Sociology Department. Future Goals 4. Talk how your expert closures are reliable with the strategic the CSUN MSW Program. Sing my expert closures, I want to help others. This understanding originates from the way that my female parent had a genuine mental vexed, viz. bipolar bombshell, while she was alive. In Yugoslavian culture, it was a disgrace and a shame to hold individual intellectually gravely in the family unit. My female parent attempted hard to set and to move typical, however this was past her capacities, particularly around the clasp when the common war began to hinder out in Yugoslavia. Then again of requesting to set, the family unit individuals should hold comprehended that they had a wiped out individual in the family. My male parent and I came up short on this insight at that cut. At the point when my male parent got sick from belly dangerous neoplastic infection, the entire situation was spinning crazy in my family unit until it finished in catastrophe. My dear female parent could non get by any more extended with life s difficulties and she submitted implosion. My male parent passed o n five months along these lines. I firmly feel that my female parent could be alive today, had she gotten help, which is the ground for my pick of future calling. In the wake of completing a Maestro s grade, I would wish to create psycho-instructive workshops. Families with intellectually wiped out individuals oftentimes wind up bowed down. These family units do non hold the suitable perception or achievements to oversee or take consideration of the intellectually sick ; they need specific arrangement, backing and insight. Moreover, the families need to cognize how to interface with administration providers effectively and how to connect with their intellectually wiped out individuals. Thus, I unequivocally accept that these workshops will follow in great outcomes for the entire family unit. I neer had any experts approaching me and offering me this perception. Despite the fact that we were an in the middle of classification family in Yugoslavia, it was expected that on the off chance that we did non require financial guide, we did non require some other guide or data. Ideally for certain families who have an intellectually debilitated part, t his help in the signifier of workshops will be acceptable. My other enthusiasm with regards to vocation points is helping officers returning from war to set to commonplace life again. We can work to build up a clinical plan to extend out to damaged veterans who have non had the option to come back to non military personnel life. In the wake of completing the MSW plan, I would wish to, as a cultural specialist, offer veterans and their family units a few administrations, for example, asset pilotage, emergency mediation, protagonism, advantage help, and mental wellbeing treatment for conditions, for example, sadness, station horrendous accentuation upset, and medication and intoxicant reliance. For some battle veterans, their occupations are exacerbated by different mental grievances. In this manner, in facing the difficulties on come back from battle, it is basic for the veterans to have family backing and fear. Numerous regular folks are critical with regards to returning veterans, guaranteeing they are solid and will procure over their war encounters. It is thus the duty of an energetic mental cultural laborer to instruct the people about this touchy subject and to help these veterans who have the right to be made a difference. These are my head calling points. I originate from a state with rich social and social assorted variety, where I lived as a social minority. This mindfulness encourages me comprehend social affectability better every piece great as the customers social convictions, when working with the particular customer populaces. Next to English, I speak Magyar, Serbian and Croatian and I am in the strategy of larning Spanish. Information on Spanish will be an or more for me as a cultural work practician. Physical, cultural, mental and passionate occupations owing to way of life, condition, substance abuse and accentuation will proceed to turn in figure and unpredictability. There will be an interest for originative and innovative mediations. Proficient Objectivity 5. Recognize three customer populaces that may make a worth battle for you or on the other hand that may do you to lose your expert objectiveness. Depict what assault you will take so as to work with every populace recorded. One of the customer populaces for which I should be progressively objective is working with pack individuals. I understand that being in a pack is more than only making drug exchanges and take separating in other unlawful pack action. My assault to show signs of improvement of this lack is through guidance to larn about the historical backdrop of packs, their etymological correspondence and imagery, financial contemplations and components that add to group movement each piece great as the risk factors and the effect of relocation and in-relocation on packs. I have to larn about how to go to the underlying drivers, to recognize that juvenile individuals every now and again join packs to achieve a feeling of having a place and happen a steady network in them that they regularly need at place, to comprehend the inside operations of the pack to occur out accurately what it gives, who its individuals are, what exercises they are associated with, and how its driving is organized. I accept that these youngsters are non characteristically terrible ; on the other hand, fa

OVH Hosting Review 2020 Are Plans Pricing OVH the Top

OVH Hosting Review 2020 Are Plans Pricing OVH the Top .elementor-19992 .elementor-element.elementor-element-19992{text-align:center}Last Updated on February 23, 2020OVH has made a name for itself as a leading international hosting provider. Based in France, OVH Hosting Inc. was founded in 1999, riding out the first e-commerce bubble. In 2006, OVH expanded to the rest of Europe when it opened subsidiaries in France, Spain, and Senegal. Disclosure As an independent review site, we get compensated if you purchase through the referral links or coupon codes on this page â€" at no additional cost to you. Dismiss alert Currently, OVH hosts about 18 million websites and has registered almost three million domain names. Thats pretty good for a European company.Table of Contents OVH hosting reviewReview of OVH hosting pros consProsConsThe verdictOVH hosting reviewOVH didn’t become the largest hosting provider in Europe for nothing. 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The company eliminated air conditioning from data centers in 2010, and optimized their cooling system to reduce energy use.OVH has consistently scored between 1.0 and 1.2 on the Power Usage Effectiveness index â€" better than most companies have been able to achieve. You can watch a video detailing the cooli ng system at their first North American data center here: Speed and reliabilityOVH offers a 99.99% uptime guarantee, with a five minutes or less response time if there’s an outage. The company’s servers are also fast in both server response in page loads. In one test, response time averaged at under 400 ms. Their services remain very reliable. More than 90% of OVH users attest to the companys reliability.One-week rentalsThey also offer something a little bit different for customers. As opposed to a free trial, they offer a one-week rental for dedicated servers. While you do have to pay for the week, there’s no commitment beyond seven days. You’re essentially test-driving their servers. Get hosting for $2.64/month here ConsOVH VPS and dedicated hosting plans are affordable and include a good range of features. But these plans have received several complaints from customers. Most customer complaints cover the usual customer support frustrations. But others have cited issues with refund disbursement as a major problem with OVH.Hands-off customer supportOVH customer support is transparent about their more hands-off approach to customer solutions. But many customers have complained about this approach. Most negative OVH web hosting reviews mention poor customer support. Apparently, customers may have different expectations for customer support than what they actually get.OVH VPS customer support does not offer assistance for applications. They’ll only offer support for infrastructure, which is the companys primary responsibility. This bare-bones approach is unlikely to be a good fit for inexperienced users. So if you prefer a more active customer support team, OVH may not have what youre looking for.Many OVH hosting reviews complain about customer support for other reasons as well. Response times can be slow for support tickets. It may take 24 hours or more to get a response. If you ask for a refund, even just one day after signing up for their service , you may have to do a lot of emailing before you can get your money back.Confusing interface, inconsistency across bordersTheir interface is not always the most user-friendly. OVH also has a lot of different management interfaces. This can get confusing for new users who want to reconfigure their website. Management interfaces and the level support offered also vary by location. That can be a bit inconvenient for multinational customers.And if you want to expand your site’s server capacity, you’ll have to pay up. OVH hosts servers all over the world, but accounts are limited to one location per server. If you want to set up a server in another location, you’ll have to sign up and shell out for another account.The verdictOVH offers affordable dedicated, and VPS hosting, but with this low cost comes fees for extra features and fewer perks. If you want to use dedicated servers on the European continent or Africa, they’re well-established enough that their reliability and affor dability may be adequate.But if you’re based in North America, a provider like HostGator may be a better option for you. HostGator offers plans at similar prices, but as a US-based company, they have more servers based in this hemisphere and more responsive customer service. Choosing the right types of web hosting provider is an important decision. If you want VPS and dedicated servers, it can be a particularly crucial choice. Always check plans carefully to see what is and is not included in your price. Click here to try OVH today! 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Present-Day English (PDE) Definition and Examples

The term Present-Day English (PDE) refers to any one of the varieties of the English language (usually a standard variety) that is used by speakers who are alive today. Also called late or contemporary Modern English. But not all linguists define the term in this way. Millward and Hayes, for example, describe Present-Day English as the period since 1800. For Erik Smitterberg, on the other hand, Present-Day English refers to the period from 1961, the year in which texts that make up the Brown and LOB corpora were published, on (The Progressive in 19th-Century English, 2005). Regardless of the precise definition, Mark Ably describes contemporary English as the Wal-Mart of languages: convenient, huge, hard to avoid, superficially friendly, and devouring all rivals in its eagerness to expand (Spoken Here, 2003). Examples and Observations Perhaps the two most salient characteristics of Present-Day English are its highly analytic grammar and its immense lexicon. Both of these features originated during the M[iddle] E[nglish] period. Although English has lost all but a handful of its inflections during ME and has undergone little inflectional change since, ME marks only the onset of the burgeoning of the English vocabulary to its current unparalleled size among the languages of the world. Ever since ME, the language has been more than hospitable to loanwords from other languages, and all subsequent periods have seen comparable influxes of loans and increases in vocabulary. . . .All areas of life in the present-day era have seen the influx of new words. To be sure, many words derive from electronic technologies . . .. Some words come from the entertainment industry such as . . . anime (Japanese animation) and celebutante (a celebrity known in fashionable society). Some words come from politics, for example, POTUS (presid ent of the United States), rubber-chicken circuit (the round of fund-raising dinners attended by politicians), and wedge-issue (a decisive political issue). . . . New words also come from a mere desire to play with the language, such as baggravation (the aggravation at having ones bags lost at the airport), fantabulous (beyond fabulous), flaggin (flashing or giving gang signs), losingest (in last place), stalkerazzi (a tabloid journalist who stalks celebrities).(C. M. Millward and Mary Hayes, A Biography of the English Language, 3rd ed. Wadsworth, 2012) Verbs in PDE The Early Modern English period, particularly the 17th and 18th centuries, witnesses developments that result in the establishment of the Present-Day English verbal system. The most noticeable of these affect the subjunctive and the modal auxiliaries, tense auxiliaries (future and [plu]perfect), passive, and the progressive (be -ing). At the end of the 18th century, a fairly high degree of paradigmatic symmetry exists in the verbal group: various combinations of tense, mood, voice and (to a certain extent) aspect can be systematically expressed by sets of auxiliaries and endings.(Matti Rissanen, Syntax. Cambridge History of the English Language, Vol. 3, ed. by Roger Lass. Cambridge University Press, 2000) Modals in PDE [A]lready in Present-day English we seem to be reaching a stage where some modals (shall, ought to, need) are reaching the end of their useful life.(Geoffrey Leech, Modality on the Move. Modality in Contemporary English, ed. by Roberta Facchinetti, Manfred Krug, and Frank Palmer. Mouton de Gruyter, 2003) Adverbs in PDE In Shakespeare, there are many adverbs without -ly (our will . . . which else should free have wrought, Macbeth, II.i.18f), but the -ly forms are more numerous, and the relative number has increased since then. In our example, free would be replaced by freely in present-day English.Today there is a residue of adverbs without the suffix, e.g. far, fast, long, much. In another group of adverbs, there is vacillation between suffix and no suffix, something which has been utilized systematically in a number of cases: dig deep vs. deeply involved; he was admitted free vs. speak freely; right now vs. he rightly concluded that . . .; cp. also clean(ly), direct(ly), loudly(ly), near(ly), short(ly), etc.(Hans Hansen and Hans Frede Nielsen, Irregularities in Modern English, 2nd ed. John Benjamins, 2012) Spelling and Speech Habits in Present-Day English The irregularities of present-day English spelling are more in evidence with vowels than with consonants. . . .-a/ent, -a/ence, -a/encyThis is a notorious source of mis-spellings in present-day English because the vowel in both sets of suffixes is reduced to /É™/. There is some guidance on the choice of a or e spellings from related forms with a stressed vowel: consequent - consequential; substance - substantial. All three endings -ant, -ance, -ancy or -ent, -ence, -ency may occur, but sometimes there are gaps: we have different, difference, but rarely differency; we have delinquent, delinquency, but rarely delinquence.(Edward Carney, English Spelling. Routledge, 1997)Spelling also exerts a certain influence on speech habits so that so-called spelling pronunciations come into existence. . . . [T]he previous silent t in often is pronounced by many speakers. Of this Potter writes: Of all the influences affecting present day English that of spelling upon sounds is probably the hardes t to resist (1979: 77).br/>There are, in other words, tendencies for people to write the way they speak, but also to speak the way they write. Nevertheless, the present system of English spelling has certain advantages: Paradoxically, one of the advantages of our illogical spelling is that . . . it provides a fixed standard for spelling throughout the English-speaking world and, once learnt, we encounter none of the difficulties in reading which we encounter in understanding strange accents. (Stringer 1973: 27) A further advantage (vis–à  Ã¢â‚¬â€œvis the spelling reform propagated by George Bernard Shaw) is that etymologically related words often resemble each other despite the difference in their vowel quality. For example, sonar and sonic are both spelled with o even though the first is pronounced with /əʊ/ or /oÊŠ/ and the latter with /É / or /É‘Ë /. (Stephan Gramley and Kurt-Michael Pà ¤tzold, A Survey of Modern English, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004) Changes in Pronunciation Changes are taking place in the way words are stressed. There is a long-term trend in two-syllable words for the stress to be moved from the second syllable to the first: this has happened in living memory in such words as adult, alloy, ally and garage. It is still going on, especially where there are related noun-verb pairs. There are many pairs where the noun has first-syllable stress, and the verb second-syllable stress, and in such cases many speakers now stress the verb also on the first syllable: examples are annex, contest, contract, escort, export, import, increase, progress, protest and transfer. In cases where both the noun and the verb have second-syllable stress, there is a tendency for the noun to be given first-syllable stress, as with discharge, dispute, redress and research; occasionally the verb may also be given first-syllable stress. (Charles Barber, Joan Beal, and Philip Shaw, The English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2009)

Advertising and Behavior Control Essay - 805 Words

In the article â€Å"Advertising and Behavior Control† there were many arguments for and against advertising. The first and the biggest problem Robert L. Arrington has against advertising is â€Å"puffery.† The reason/reasons why Arrington has a problem with puffery is due to the fact that the seller makes exaggerated, or suggestive claims about a product. His overall argument on puffery is that it isn’t just â€Å"bragging† but it is bragging that is designed to persuade you to want the item or product being sold. The bragging goes so far as they convince the viewer (of the advertisement) they need the product. Puffery ultimately leads to manipulation, exploitation, and control over what people think of the product. Although Arrington has reasons†¦show more content†¦These are just a couple of the arguments for and against advertising, and Arrington continues with many more thought provoking and legitimate arguments. 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Do you blame the child for not getting enough physical activity or eating the right foods, or do you blame the parents for not properly monitoringRead More Why advertising is an ethical problem Essay1524 Words   |  7 Pages Why is advertising an ethical problem? †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;If it is, it is because it is often intrusive, deceptive, or manipulative -- or, at least, this is what people say about it. †¢nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Another problem is the money and resources devoted to advertising; billions are spent each year (around $500 billion in fact) that, perhaps, could go to education, health care, research, reforestation, or other worthy causes. Well come back to this, but first we look at the

Comparing The Tang Dynasty And The Western Civilization

From as far back as time could go, nearly who and what a person was depended on their gender. Women were seen as inferior to men no matter their intellectual or social status background. Men and women alike were expected to have certain and specific duties associated with their gender. Gender roles have always been a popular discussion topic due to its major impacts on cultural norms of various time periods. The popular start and discussion of gender roles and feminism specifically was initiated in its early forms dating back to the 18th century when Mary Wollstonecraft founded the modern European feminism ideology. Although feminism and the feminist movement didn’t officially start until the mid 19th century, it did not stop people from†¦show more content†¦For women, although they are seen in areas like politics and entertainment like previously mentioned; their prominent role was being the main caregiver to the children and to their husbands as well as the housekee per while their husband were away at work to provide for the family financially. Women had limited rights within their marriages. They were expected to wait on their husband’s hands and feet. They were unable to initiate a divorce and in more cases than not, were required to share their husbands with their other wives or concubines. Female children were considered unwanted compared to male children because male children had the ability to continue the family name/family tradition as well as provide physical labor out in the fields which benefited the family financially. Usually, with families of more female children than male children, the females would be sold to the wealthy to serve as concubines, prostitutes, participants in arranged marriages, or even to be simply traded for useful cattle/livestock for food and field labor. The status of women declined even more with the end of the Tang dynasty leading to the Song dynasty. Fast forward to the time period of 1350-1550, thi s two hundred year span is known as the Renaissance or the rebirth period.Show MoreRelatedAp World History Units 1-3 Study Guide Essay4374 Words   |  18 Pages 3. The earliest metal worked systemically by humans are * Copper 4. The spread of the Bantu-speaking peoples over southern Africa can be best explained by their * Knowledge of agriculture 5. Characteristics of complex civilizations * Specialization of labor * Trade and cultural diffusion * Written languages * Complex political order and power 6. Evidence proves that the Mesopotamians * Traded extensively with peoples as far away as AnatoliaRead MoreThe Cultural Analysis Of Outdoor Leisure Essay1732 Words   |  7 Pagesanalyse the outdoor leisure practices in the field sites. It firstly explains the conception of culture. Secondly, by comparing with the western outdoor leisure practices, Chinese outdoor leisure in the selected cities represents the mixed phenomenon with Chinese tradition, Socialism as well as Western popular culture. I will then argue that rather than by directly adopt the western culture analysis, in the specific Chinese sociocultural context; therefore, the contemporary outdoor leisure cultureRead MoreHow Creativity Can Be Developed1413 Words   |  6 Pagespeople’s imagination, innovation, and interaction. However, creativity can be understood and carried out in diverse ways if the cultural and politic background is different (ibid.). Comparing this with the education situation in China, where the creative education has been int roduced only in the last decade from the Western countries, the interpretation of creative education in China can be seen under the influence of the traditional Chinese cultural background. By studying in two projects of creativeRead MoreComparing Empires Rome and China3033 Words   |  13 PagesComparing Empires: Roman and Chinese Consolidating the Roman and Chinese Empires 1. both empires defined themselves in universal terms 2. both invested heavily in public works 3. both claimed supernatural sanctions a. deceased Roman emperors as gods (imperial cult) i. persecution of Christians for nonparticipation in cult b. Chinese emperor as Son of Heaven i. rule by Mandate of Heaven ii. dependent on just rule iii. heavy ritual duties to maintain relationship between earth and heaven iv. moralRead MoreCantonese vs. Taishanese: a Study of the Two Most Ubiquitous Dialects in Chinatowns Worldwide2913 Words   |  12 Pagesthey brought their language along as cultural baggage as well as mores and customs that had evolved in one of the worlds great civilizations (Louie, 1). The history of the Cantonese, or Yue, language is more than 2,000 years old, making it older than Mandarin, the official language of China, which only has 700 to 800 years of history. Around the time of the Qin Dynasty, Cantonese became more establishe d as a language with its own distinct features, the direct a result of the Hans moving from NorthernRead MoreWorld History AP8768 Words   |  36 Pagesalso argue that basic problems of classical empires, such as overextension and the creation of a unified identity that redefines conquered peoples, are timeless issues still relevant today. Margin Review Questions Q. How did Persian and Greek civilizations differ in their political organization and values? †¢ The Persians built an imperial political system that drew upon previous Mesopotamian polities, including the Babylonian and Assyrian empires. The Persian Empire was far larger than its predecessors

Control Freak free essay sample

Virgos are analytical, observant, and precise. We strive to be perfectionist, so we have to be on top of everything and every detail. Whenever I do anything I do my best to make sure it’s perfect, whether it’s something I’m passionate about or something I’m forced to do. I like for things to be perceived in a certain way, I like for my efforts to be praised, and in order to get that it has to be perfect, if not near. A lot of people assume being a control freak is a bad thing, but in my opinion it’s not. I know what I want, and most times how I want it done. I’m not always lost or confused on a lot of things because I’ve probably thought about it in my head before and know what most possible outcomes are. What I’ve learned is that the only people who dislike control freaks are people who are control freaks themselves, or have control issues on some type of level. We will write a custom essay sample on Control Freak or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page People who don’t really like responsibility, and are untamed tend to like control freaks because they keep them in line, and on point. They direct them and help them stay on track. An example of someone who could be a control freak is a Sergeant in the Army. When you’re a sergeant you have to dictate and tell people what to do. You have to make sure people follow a certain set of guidelines and rules, while following them yourself. Having that type of power over people will sometimes go to your head and make you a compulsive control freak. You want things done a certain way, at a certain time, in a certain place, with no exceptions. Another Example of someone who takes being a control freak overboard, or obsessive is  the â€Å"controller. These people obsessively try to dictate how you’re supposed to be and feel. They have an opinion about everything. They’ll control you by invalidating your emotions if those don’t fit into their rulebook. People with low  self-esteem who see themselves as â€Å"victims† attract controllers. Whether spouting unsolicited advice on how you can lose weight  or using anger  to put you in your place, their comments can range from irritating to abusive. What’s most infuriating about these people is that they usually don’t see themselves as controllingonly right. When it comes to myself and being controlling, it was never because I had a desire to control someone. When I was younger I watched over my younger brothers, I had a responsibility. I was left in charge, and having two younger kids to watch over, I had to take on the role of a father. So I was a mini dictator, I had to tell them what to do, and how. I had to make sure everything in the house was straightened, and not broken, and I sometimes had to discipline them. After years of doing this I developed a controlling personality. I don’t see myself as overly controlling, just subtly controlling. I don’t try to control every aspect of people’s lives. The only thing I’m really particular about is details in something I’m doing such as my work, art, appearance. When it comes to relationships and me being controlling, it doesn’t affect them. It doesn’t affect them because I’m not over the top controlling, I just tell them things to help improve them in some type of way. I actually like somewhat controlling people in relationships. The way I see it, it’s a challenge. They’re not easy, and submissive. I love dominance in a person; it gives me a sense of security when someone shows dominance. To me it’s like they care enough to give direction and guidance. Not all control freaks have a need to obsess and be in control of everything that is happening, some of us were put into a position of power that lead to being a control freak. And in our mind, it isn’t being controlling. We’re just particular about things, we know what we want in life. What’s so bad about that?

Control Of Internet Essays - Computer-mediated Communication

Control Of Internet During the past decade, our society has become based solely on the ability to move large amounts of information across great distances in a very short amount of time and at very low costs. The evolution of the computer era and our growing need for ultra-fast communications has caused a global network of interconnected computers to develop, commonly referred to as the Internet or the world wide web. The Internet has influenced practically everyone's life in some way whether it was done directly or indirectly. Our children are exposed to the Internet at school, and we are exposed to the Internet simply by just watching our television sets. The Internet has become the primary key to the future of communication in our society today. Because of this, the government feels that it has the right to regulate and control the contents of information distributed through the World Wide Web, contrary to the opinions of most Internet users, myself included. Freedom of Speech Over the Internet At the present, this network is the epitome of the first amendment, freedom of speech. It is a place where people can speak their minds without being reprimanded for what they say, or how they choose to say it. The key to the success of the Internet is its protection of free speech, not only in America, but in other countries as well, where free speech is not protected by a constitution. Because there are no laws regulating Internet material, people may find some of its content offending, ranging from pornography, to hate-group forums, to countless other forms of information. With over 30 million Internet users in the U.S. alone, some of the material is bound to be interpreted as offensive to some other Internet user. My advice to these people is to "change the station if you don't like what you see". Laws and the Internet The newest waves of laws making their way through Congress threaten to stifle spontaneity of the Internet. Recently, Congress has considered passing laws that will make it a crime to send vulgar language or encryption software over the web. These crimes could result in prosecutions punishable by jail time. No matter how insignificant, any attempt at government intervention on the Internet will stifle the greatest communication innovation of this century. The government wants to maintain control over this new form of communication, and it is trying to use the protection of children as a smoke screen to impose these laws upon us. Censorship of the Internet threatens to destroy its freelance atmosphere, while wide spread encryption could help eliminate the need for government intervention. How Do We Interpret the Internet The current body of laws existing today in America does not apply well to the Internet. Is the Internet like a broadcasting medium, where the government monitors what is broadcast? Is it like a bookstore, where servers cannot be expected to review every title? Is it like a phone company that must ignore what it carries because of privacy? The trouble is that the Internet can be all or none of these things depending on how it is used. The Internet cannot be viewed as one type of transfer medium under the current broadcast definitions. The Internet differs from the broadcasting media in that one cannot just happen upon a vulgar site without first keying in a complicated address, or following a link from another source. "The Internet is much more like going into a book store and choosing to look at adult magazines" (Miller 75). Because our use of the Internet varies from person to person, its meaning may be interpreted in a number of different ways. Nudity on the Internet Jim Exon, a democratic senator from Nebraska, wants to pass a decency bill regulating sexual content on the Internet. If the bill is passed, certain commercial servers that post nude pictures, like those run by Penthouse or Playgirl, would of course be shut down immediately or risk prosecution. The same goes for any amateur web site that features nudity, sex talk, or sexually explicit words. Posting any sexual words in a Usenet discussion group, which occurs routinely, could cause a person to be liable for a $50,000 fine and six months in jail. Why does it suddenly become illegal to post something that has been legal for years in print? Exon's bill apparently would also "criminalize private mail," ... "I can call my brother on the phone and say anything--but if I say it on the Internet, it's illegal" (Levy 56). Internet

Ripple effects by economic facts essays

Ripple effects by economic facts essays There are several things that can cause a ripple effect in our economy. There are economic facts, or things that will happen no matter what, that start to affect more and more people, until they sooner or later effect everybody. The Keynesian Transmission Mechanism is a good example of something that has a ripple effect on everybody. The Keynesian mechanism has three stages, each of which has an effect on something. The first stage is the increase or decrease in the supply of money (A-1). The second stage is for the investment to rise or fall in conjunction with the change of the money supply (B-1). The third and final stage in the mechanism, is for the total expenditure/aggregate demand curve to shift accordingly to the both the money supply, and the investment. There are also some walls that block the mechanism from working, that have ripple effects on the economy. These include the Liquidity trap, and Interest-Insensitive Investment. In the first stage of the Keynesian Transmission Mechanism, the money supply is either raised, or lowered by the Fed. They do this by buying and selling bonds to the public. If they buy bonds back, then they are essentially lowering the money supply, where as if they sell them, then they are raising the money supply. Looking at this alone, one can predict a rise or a fall in the amount of each individual has due to the scarcity of money, or the lack there of. This will have a ripple effect on the economy, because people will save more if they have less, and spend more if they have more (C-1). For example, if the Fed were to increase the money supply would cause a surplus of money in the money market. This in turn will have an effect on the interest rates. The interest rates will lower due to the money surplus (B-1). Because of the lower interest rate, the AD curve will shift to the right. This happens due to a drop in the price level because of the lower interest rate. W ith the l...

Explain Jim's character and why he treats Laura as he does Essay

Explain Jim's character and why he treats Laura as he does - Essay Example That is how the play gets its name â€Å"The Glass Menagerie†. Beyond every sentimental elements found in this play, its theme circles around the two characters, Laura and Jim. Jim O’ Connor in the play is portrayed as a hero in his high school age itself. He mastered everything he did and convinced others that he could go farther than they would expect him to. In his teen days, he would sing well and make a circle of fans around him with his wits. He is a pleasing personality that can easily gain room in anybody’s heart. Although he does nothing that impresses others, the conviction in his words leaves an unshakable trust among his listeners. An adventure loving man he is, he changes his life style time to time and searches the new entertaining things to enthrall himself. When Tom meets him at the work place, Jim is an absolute movie fan. Loneliness and youthful inspirations drive his way from one spot to another in search of joy. Jim has been introduced as â€Å"a nice, ordinary, young man† (p. XIII) but his nature is rather skeptical as the way he meets Laura and recollects his past in the play. Jim never seems to be concerned about Laura except for the little love he has for her from the memories. Altogether, his character in the play is nurtured with ambiguity that of a man who willfully conceals his desire to escape situations for better choices with unwillingness to leave his little old love. He poses a role for self deceit when he leaves Laura for Betty, his fiancà ©e. Jim’s character in the play grows rather displeasing to normal audience at the end of the tale because of his ill motivated school days and the loneliness he chose to grow with. As the way his days with Tom’s family grow affectionate, he regains everything he wanted to have right from his teenage. Though he loves Laura, his insider always suggests him a way out- a way that meets his desires at reality. Laura-though is very beautiful like a glass toy, is very fragile

Analysis the case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Analysis the case study - Essay Example Hence the exercise is an inductive method as applied in qualitative methodology. In this case, the researcher decided to examine the subjects’ attitude, likes and dislikes and behaviour through a narrative / dialogue in a real-life situation. Having decided on the means, the researcher collects the data by probing the minds and behaviour of the subjects in an environment which enables the subjects to be as true and spontaneous as possible. The researcher also prepares his own observations of the subject matter (Ski Lodge at the Oceana Club) in respect of which, the participants express their inner thoughts. These observations are in a reflective type note, and give the location a character against which the collected data is analysed. Thus an inductive and interpretive type qualitative research methodology is employed in this case, based on real-life situation with the participants and the background as subjects under study. This methodology is appropriate while collecting data from a relatively small sample and the subject is not amenable to quantitative and deductive research that is more appropriate for dealing with processes than with people. The interview took place as an informal chat with conversation flowing freely between the interviewer and the participants in the real world set up. The Interviewer supplemented his transcript with his own reflective fieldwork notes. In the process the ambience and attractiveness of place is being assessed in an ‘action research’ method. In analysing qualitative research work, the common steps are interim analysis, memoing, data entry and coding (South Alabama University, Ch.17, 2008). In the interim analysis, the queries are neither structured nor do they follow any particular and predictable pattern. They are generated as the interview progresses until the issue is completely understood. To achieve this objective, the researcher may apply a cyclical method of questioning to support or reject the

Compensation Strategy In Translation

Compensation Strategy In Translation Seems its a big deal to make up the loss of idiomatic expressions in translating idioms from one language to another one. How can translators come up with this problem? Considering an English novel as the source document and its Persian translations as the target text, we mean to answer this question. Extracting idioms and non-idioms from the first chapter of J. D. Salingers The Catcher in the Rye, is the first step to start. Then we made a comparison of gathered information with their Persian translations by Najafi and Karimi for the next stage. Following compensation strategy by adding target language idioms somewhere in the translated texts by the Persian translators, is an open door to manage the idiomatic loss in their translations. This indicates that, if in any case its not possible to translate a source language idiom as an idiom in target language, the translator can compensate the loss of the idiom by adding a target language idiom to places where there initially was a non-idiom. Key words: English Idiom, Persian Translation, Translation Strategies, Compensation Strategy, Source Text (ST), Target Text (TT), Source Language (SL), Target Language (TL). Introduction: Translation is generally explained as a process in which the translator transfers the meaning of a SL text into TL under the circumstances of preserving the content and accuracy of original text, as far as it is possible. Where there is no equivalent for a SL idiom in the TL, the translator gets throughout compensation strategy to fill this incurred gap. The more skilled the translator is, the better will be the translation. If you are enthusiastic to this issue as we are, this is the paper you can refer to and take your answer. Theoretical Background: Translation Bell (ibid.: 6) argues that a total equivalence between a source language text and its translation is something that can never be fully achieved. According to Bassnett-McGuire (1980: 2), the aim of translation is that the meaning of the target language text is similar to that of the source language text, and that the structures of the SL will be preserved as closely as possible, but not so closely that the TL structures will be seriously distorted. In other words, the source language structure must not be imitated to such an extent that the target language text becomes ungrammatical or sounds otherwise unnatural or clumsy. Idiom: Idioms are the major and natural part of all languages as well as a prominent part of our everyday discourse. Idioms are such a normal part of our language use that we hardly even notice how vastly we use them in our everyday speech and writing. English is a language full of idioms, so, learners of English should be aware of their nature, types, and use. Using many idioms in English language is one of the aspects that makes it somehow difficult to learn for a Persian learner. They can be used in formal style and in slang. Idiom is defined as a group of words which have different meaning when used together from the one they would have if you took the meaning of each word individually (Collins Cobuild dictionary, 1990 edition). Indeed, the meaning of idiom can only be inferred through its meaning and function in context, as shown in the examples below (from Fernando, 1996). bread and butter, as in `It was a simple bread and butter issue (see further below); bless you, which is usually used in the context of cordial expressions; go to hell, which indicates that there is a conflict among interlocutors in an interpersonal contact; In sum, which indicates relations among portions and components of a text. Idioms are a set of phrases have different meaning from its individual parts of the phrases. Sometimes it is hard to recognize the meaning of a phrase just by knowing the meaning of the words including in it e.g. paint the town red is a phrase which has a meaning other than the meaning of its words separately, it means having a good time! Moon (1998, p.4) claims that idiom denotes a general term for many kinds of multià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ word expressions whether semantically opaque or not. Some traditional theories of idiomaticity assumed that idioms are frozen, semantic units that are essentially non-compositional (Hambin Gibbs, 1999, p.26). However, there have been a number of semantic classification systems proposed since 1980 for rating the composition of idioms which basically give differing names to the same concepts (Grant Bauer, 2004). Fernando (as cited in Liu, 2003) developed a scale by which to categorize idiomatic expressions and habitual collocation into 3 categories: pure (nonliteral), semi literal, and literal (p.673). 1. Pure Idioms. Fernando defines pure idiom as a type of conventionalized, nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ literal multiword expression (Fernando, 1996, p.36). Pure idioms are always non literal, however they may be either invariable or may have little variation. In addition, idioms are said to be opaque (Fernando, 1996, p.32). For example, Let the cat out of the bag (to reveal a secret or a surprise by accident). 2. Semià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ idioms. Semià ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ idioms may have one or more literal constituents and one with nonà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ literal sub sense. Therefore, this type of idioms is considered partially opaque (Fernando, 1996, p.60). For example, middle of nowhere (a very isolated place). 3. Literal idioms. This subà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ group of idioms has limited variance. They are less complicated than two other groups. Moreover, literal idioms are considered to be clear as they can be interpreted on the basis of their components. For example Coming out (to exit; to leave the inside of a place). Translating Idioms: working with English, the translator may easily recognize if an idiom violates `truth conditions, as in `it is raining cats and dogs, `storm in a teacup, jump down someones throat, etc. It may be hard to recognize, if the idiom is not of this nature, and translators may just think of it as an ordinary expression, with the consequence of either losing its tone or losing its meaning. There are two sources which may cause misinterpretation: The first possible source is that there are idioms which can mislead readers/users; they do not sound idiomatic at all, but at a closer look, careful readers would find the hidden idioms. An example given by Salinger in The Catcher in the Rye is `got the axe in the following text: The manager warned me, but I didnt notice, so I got the axe. On the first look, readers may interpret it in terms of a person who took an axe and wanted to do something with it like cut a tree but at a closer look, a careful reader may find out that means to lose the job. The second source of misinterpretation occurs when the words in an idiom have equivalents in the target language (i.e. in Persian) but with totally different meaning. Another good example given by Salinger is the idiom: for the birds. Winter weather is for the birds. At first it may be understood that this sentence means winter weather is good for the birds but it makes no sense because the meaning is really different and it means worthless; undesirable. Strategies used translating idioms Idioms are culture bound and this is another challenge for the translator to transfer the exact meaning and content of SL idiom into TL idiom perfectly. For the sake of solving these difficulties the translator may apply a strategy. Using the appropriate method in this process, the translators can get over the difficulties easily and it is valuable and useful for their works. Mona Baker, in her book In Other Words (1992), defines the following strategies for translating idiomatic expressions: 1) using an idiom with the same meaning and form, 2) using an idiom with the similar meaning but different form, 3) by paraphrase, 4) by omission. (1) Translating an idiom with the same meaning and form: The first translation strategy by Mona Baker is translating TL idiom similar in its form and meaning to the SL idiom. For example: Tooth and nail ((Ø ¨ÃƒËœ Ú† Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ¯ Ùˆ Ø ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   (2) Translating an idiom with the similar meaning but different form: Another strategy suggested by Mona Baker is translating a SL idiom into TL idiom the same meaning but different form. In this case, the translator does not preserve the lexical items and translate as a semantic equivalent. For example: Acid tongue in her head. (Ø ²ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¨ÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬   Ù† Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’Ø ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¯ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’ Ø ¯ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ) (3) Translation by paraphrase: The most common strategy in translation of idioms is paraphrase. Translators often cannot translate a SL idioms as a TL idiom, therefore they use the paraphrase strategy by using a word or a group of words in TL exactly related to the meaning of that idiom in SL which may be a non-idiom. Newmark (1988, p.109) says that while using this strategy not only components of sense will be missing or added, but the emotive or pragmatic impact will be reduced or lost. Still, paraphrase is usually descriptive and explanatory; sometimes it preserves the style of the original idiom as well. For example: On tenterhooks. ((Ù†¦ÃƒËœÃ‚ «Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¾ ØÙÅ  Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒÅ¡Ã‚ ©Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ø ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ€ºÃ…’ Ø ªÃƒËœÃƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ Ø ¢ÃƒËœÃ‚ ªÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ Ø ¨ÃƒËœÃƒËœÃ‚ ´Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ (4) Translation by omission: According to Baker (1992, p.77) omission is allowed only in some cases: first, when there is no close equivalent in the target language; secondly, when it is difficult to paraphrase; finally, an idiom may be omitted for stylistic reasons. This strategy is not used very frequently. In fact, it is not approved by many scholars and some of them do not include it among other translation strategies (Veisbergs, 1989). However, sometimes its impossible to translate a SL idiom into TL, so the translator may use another strategy called compensation. In this strategy the translator omit an idiom and may put another idiom elsewhere in the TL text by preserving the effect of SL idiom. Compensation Strategy: Compensation is a strategy most definitely worth considering, while it can be used as one possible strategy for dealing with idioms and quite an effective one for compensating the loss caused by translating. Therefore, in order to preserve the idiomaticity of the original text and to avoid the mentioned loss, many translators resort to compensation in translating idioms as their final but workable strategy. That is when an idiom is not possible to be translated into TT, a translators last effort is to compensate an idiom by omitting that and putting an idiom in another place, by preserving the usage effect of idiom in the ST. Nida and Taber (1969) mention that, whereas one inevitably loses many idioms in the process of translation one also stands to gain a number of idioms (p. 106). Baker (1992) indicates that in compensation, a translator may leave out a feature such as idiomaticity where it arise in the ST and introduce it somewhere else in the TT (p. 78). In support of this idea, Newmark (1991) suggests that all puns, alliterations, rhyme, slang, metaphor and pregnant words can be compensated in translation. Though he further adds that, compensation is the procedure which in the last resort ensures that translation is possible (pp.143à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ 144). Theoretical framework We agree with Lorenzo, M. et al., in that the first step a translator must take is to clearly define his objective before producing a translation which is as true as possible to the original text. One of the aspects of Hans Vermeers concept of skopos (1989:227) is the establishment of a clearly defined objective or purpose for translation; Any form of translation, including translation itself, may be understood as an action, as the name implies. Any action has an aim, a purpose. The word skopos is a technical word for the aim or purpose of translation. Nidas Dynamic Equivalence In the process of translating idioms, the translator may face many difficulties which is not a simple task to overcome. The major problem is the lack of equivalence in the process of translation. It would be desirable if a translator could find a TL idiom which is the same as that in structure and content of SL idiom. Anyway every language, both source and target, has its own idioms and it may be hard to find the precise source equivalent in the target language. The definition of dynamic equivalence is initially given by Eugene A. Nida in his book Toward a Science of the Translation (Nida, E.A., 1964:161). Nida is an American translator, scholar, teacher, leader, influencer, conceptualizer, innovator, and influential theoretician. Nida argued that there are two different types of equivalence, formal equivalence and dynamic equivalence. Formal equivalence deals with the message, in both form and content whereas dynamic equivalence translation is based on the principle of equivalent effect. The translator is not concerned with the source language message, but rather with the dynamic relationship. Dynamic equivalence connects the target language and culture in order to make messages comprehensible to target language receptors. For instance, if we translate a phrase like two hemorrhages apiece literally into Persian, it will produce a nonsensical meaning for the Persian receptor. Idiomatic expressions may not seem understandable when translated from one language to another. In such cases the equivalence counterpart Ø ®Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬  ÃƒËœÃ‚ ±Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€ ÃƒËœÃ‚ ´ Ø ¯Ãƒâ„¢Ã‹â€  قؠ¨ÃƒËœÃ‚ ¶Ãƒâ„¢Ã¢â‚¬ ¡ can be used to make it understandable to the receptor. In this view the translator has brought an equivalent which the original author most likely meant. Method: Corpus: The study is based on a contrastive comparison between the two Persian translations of The Catcher in the Rye by Muhammad Najafi and Ahmad Karimi. In this study we tried to achieve which of these translators has followed the compensation strategy in his own translation, and whether they have been successful in this process or not. Gathering the data: Collecting the data, of course, is as important as other stages (like conclusion) and even more important. Because the more accurate the gathered data is so, the more favorable the result will be. Focusing on the process in this study, we long to explain the steps in data collecting, respectively. At the earliest step, we extracted English idioms and non-idioms from the first chapter of the novel, then found their Persian equivalents from two Persian translations by Najafi and Karimi of the same novel. We aimed to know whether English idioms are translated into Persian idioms or not and whether English non-idioms are translated into Persian idioms or not. Then we read the aforementioned translated chapter by two translators several times to clarify if they may be idioms. We looked up English idioms in Idioms Oxford Dictionary, although we had difficulty in recognizing the exact idiom at first. On the other hand, as we are Persian students, it was not hard to find Persian idioms as difficult as English idioms, anyway. But on non-idioms, we considered the most English phrases or sentences which translated as idioms in TL. Maybe you ask why we chose this novel. As you know, of course, this novel is rich in idioms and it makes the work for researcher to access the idealistic results easier. Then we counted the idioms and non-idioms in both original text and its Persian translations by two translators. Table 1. Total Number of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Translations of the Salingers Idioms J.D. Salingers Idioms Total Translation Najafi Karimi 44 Idiomatic 22 18 Non- Idiomatic 22 26 In this table, we calculated the total numbers of English idioms (N=44) which is translated by translators, either idiomatic or non-idiomatic. As you can see, here, Najafi translated more English idioms (N=44) into Persian idioms (N=22) than Karimi. We guess, this table will confirm our claim that Najafi has translated much more skilful than Karimi, because he got use of compensation strategy by adding more Persian idioms than Karimi. Anyway, our purpose is not to compare persons and is just to determine if there is any use of compensation strategy in each of these translations. Table 2. Total Number of Idiomatic and Non-Idiomatic Translations of the Salingers Non-idioms J.D. Salingers Non-Idioms Total Translation Najafi Karimi 42 Idiomatic 42 26 Non-Idiomatic 0 16 This table also illustrated that Najafi translated 42 English non-idioms out of 42 as idiomatic. On the other hand, Karimi translated 26 English non-idioms out of 42 as idiomatic. This table shows how Najafi and Karimi have functioned in translating non-idioms into idioms. By total non-idioms, we mean those which translated as idioms by Najafi and it will be our criteria for counting Karimis idioms and non-idioms. Table 3. Total Number of Different Data Extracted from Both Translations and the Original Text Data J.D. Salinger Najafi Karimi Idiom 44 64 44 Non-idiom 42 22 42 Total 86 86 86 This table confirms that Najafi has translated the novel more idiomatic (N=64) than Karimi (N=44). Classifying the Data: After extracting and counting the total idioms in both original text and its translations, it revealed that translators had applied 3 different translation strategies for idioms. These strategies were: Translating English Idioms into Persian Idioms Translating English Idioms into Persian Non-idioms Translating English Non-idioms into Persian Idioms Analyzing the Data: In this stage, we analyzed the whole collected data and calculated frequency and the percentage proportion of each strategy in the same translations. The results are shown in the tables below; Table 4. Frequency and Percentage of Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Najafi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of idiom with idiom 22 50 Translation of idiom with non-idiom 22 50 Total 44 100 Table 5. Frequency and Percentage of Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Karimi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of idiom with idiom 18 40.90 Translation of idiom with non-idiom 26 59.10 Total 44 100 Table 6. Frequency and Percentage of Non-Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Najafi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of non-idiom with idiom 42 100 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 0 0 Total 42 100 Table 7. Frequency and Percentage of Non-Idioms Translation Strategies Applied by Karimi Strategy Frequency Percentage Translation of non-idiom with idiom 26 61.90 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 16 38.10 Total 42 100 Table 8. Percentage of each Applied Strategies in both Translations Strategy Najafi Karimi Translation of non-idiom with idiom 100 61.90 Translation of non-idiom with non-idiom 0 38.10 Total 100 100 Results: The results show that both translators, Najafi and Karimi, have applied three strategies in translating idioms: translating English idioms with Persian idioms, translating English idioms with Persian non-idioms, translating English non-idioms with Persian idioms, and translating English non-idioms with Persian non-idioms. One of the translators, Najafi, used more frequently the first and the third (translating English idioms and non-idioms as Persian idioms) strategy in his translation, on the other hand, the latter translator, Karimi, used the second and the last (translating English idioms and non-idioms as Persian non-idioms) strategy more often. Discussion and Conclusion: As mentioned before, its hard to translate a SL idiom into TL idiom regarding the accurateness and the faithfulness of SL into TL. In this stud, out of 44 extracted idioms from J.D. Salingers novel, 22 (50%) of the expressions have not been translated as idioms by Najafi. In the same case, Karimi has translated 18 (40.90%) of the idioms with Persian idioms and the remaining 26(59.10%) idioms have been translated non-idiomatically. This imbalance between the total number of idioms and their non-idiomatic translations causes a loss of idiomaticity in the Persian translated texts. Some of these idiomatic losses have been compensated for elsewhere in the text, since the translators have replaced some English language non-idioms with Persian idioms. By this strategy, Najafi has added 42 idioms and Karimi has added 26 idioms to their translations. We recognized that theres not the exact contrast in numbers of idioms in two languages(SL,TL), but its very common in translation. The translators were somehow successful here in compensating idiom gaps in the TL. Furthermore, they compensated those non-idiom expressions in the original context to function better on their translations. Compensation strategy is considered here as the best to translate idioms, non-idioms and figure of speech as well.

Human Genetic Screening Essay -- Science Genes DNA Essays

Human Genetic Screening Human genetic screening is a process that is very complex and very powerful. Genetic screening may detect some inherited traits that may later on cause a person to have a disease that may alter his/her life. Human life, as with any other organism, is b uilt with cells. A human cell consists of forty-six chromosomes, which are paired into twenty-three different pairs. Each one of these chromosomes carries thousands of genes. Each gene consists of information that codes for a particular trait. This information is determined by the DNA found in that gene. A gene for one trait may have various alleles that will make one person appear a little different than that of a person with a different allele. An example would be of a person with brown hair. They would have a dominant allele for hair color, where as a person with blond hair would have two recessive alleles for hair color. It is possible to have a large number of different alleles for each trait, which is why people look so different from on e another (Reilly, Genetics, Law and Social Policy. p. 7). ÒAlthough each person does have some variation in DNA, all members of the human species carry more or less the same set of DNAÓ (Griffiths, An Introduction to Genetic Analysis. p. 4). Because there is such a huge number of genes it is a very complicat ed process to isolate and identify the information in the DNA fragments. In these fragments it is possible for researchers to: Ò isolate and characterize at the molecular level single genes that are responsible for inherited genetic diseases. Genetic ill health can be divided into three major types. The first type is inherited genetic diseases caused by abnormal forms of genes that are passed on from on... .... Complexity Limits the powers of prediction. Feb. 1, 1996: p. 390. Griffiths, Anthony, Jeffrey miller, David Suzuki, Richard Lewontin, William Gelbart, An Introduction to Genetic Analysis, Sixth Edition. W.H. Freeman and Company, 1996: p. 4,5-6. Koenig, Barbara, The New York Times. Gene Tests: What You Know Can Hurt You. April 6,1996: p. 15 Lehrman, Sally, Nature. Genetic testing needs more checks. Nov. 9, 1995: p. 121. Masood, Ehsan, Nature. Gene tests: who benefits from risk? . Feb. 1, 1996: P. 389. Reilly, Phillip, Genetics, Law, and Social Policy. President and fellows of Harvard College. 1977: p. 7. The World Book Encyclopedia, 1993 Edition, 1993 World Book Inc. 1993: p. 85. Web Site #1 Written by: The Exploratorium , 3601 Lyon St., San Francisco, CA 94123 Web Site #2 Written by: The Exploratorium, 3601 Lyon St., San Francisco, CA 94123

Brontie’ Swanston Essay

Sometimes early intervention for struggling learners is ideal. Most learning problems can be prevented if students are in positive school and classroom contexts that accommodate individual differences (Madden, 1991). However, even in the most positive environments, some students still experience difficulties. For these students, early intervention strategies must be implemented as soon as learning problems are noted. Early intervention means that â€Å"supplementary instructional services are provided early in students’ schooling, and that they are intense enough to bring at-risk students quickly to a level at which they can profit from high-quality classroom instruction† (Madden & Wasik, 1991). The intent of early intervention is to create general education support systems for struggling learners as a way to improve academic performance and to reduce inappropriate special education referrals (Madden, 1991). Examples of early intervention include clinical teaching, peer and expert consultation, teacher assistance teams, and alternative programs such as those that offer tutorial or remedial instruction in the context of general education. A critical concept for ELL students is comprehensible input. This concept expresses that in order to acquire a second language the learner must understand what is said to him. Learners should receive input that is appropriate to their age and language level. This language should be just beyond the learner’s current proficiency but easy enough for them to understand. Teachers need to develop background knowledge, deliver content that is contextualized, and use gestures, pictures and real objects to make input comprehensible (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991). When newcomers are assigned to a mainstream classroom and spend most of their day in this environment it is especially critical for them to receive comprehensible input from their teachers and classmates (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991). In other words, if the teacher prefers lectures, it leaves the English language learner will not be receiving this input. All teachers are aware of the need to â€Å"explicitly link past learning and new concepts† but some teachers fail to consider students’ backgrounds and experiences when planning lessons (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991). One way to avoid making unwarranted assumptions about our students’ past learning, background or experiences is to create a common classroom experience as the basis for instruction (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991). Another strategy is to help students make conscious links between their experiences and the text as described in the sample lesson below. Two good concepts to implement would be literature logs and instructional conversations. Before and after reading, students respond to prompts that help them link their experiences to those of the main character or main theme (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991). The instructional conversations that follow these prompts provide oral language practice for Ell’s, and help deepen students’ conceptual frameworks for comprehension (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991). Researchers found that using either the literature log or the instructional conversation increased comprehension for Ell’s but using both produced deeper understanding (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991). Teachers should apply the following steps to be successful in previous two concepts: Step 1 Create pre-reading and post- reading questions or prompts Pre-reading question or prompt: a generic probe about students’ experiences that might be similar to those of the main character/s. Step 2 Briefly review the story again building on student responses in a think-aloud format. Review the procedure for tracking story events and noting when these events are similar to or different from experiences discussed by the class. Examples: two-column notes, post its, adapted story sequence chart Students read or listen to the text: pairs, small groups, tape, and buddy reading Step 3 Present the second literature log question or prompt; model a response. Allow time for students to write about or discuss the prompt. Facilitate the second instructional conversation in which students discuss similarities and differences between and among their experiences and those of the characters. Variations: use picture books with limited text for non-readers or beginning Ell’s of any age. Allow students to respond in their first language. Older or more proficient students can respond to prompts that focus on the setting instead of, or in addition to, events, characters and theme or compare experiences across texts. (Saunders, &Goldberg, 1991) It is also vitally important to emphasize key vocabulary. Lack adequate vocabulary is one barrier to reading for Ell’s. Research on vocabulary acquisition indicates that a successful vocabulary development program should have a least the following five components: 1) Intentional word selection (words that represent new concepts, are important outside of the specific activity, or cross content areas) 2) Direct instruction in word meaning and in strategies used to learn new words 3) Modeling of strategies and processes for learning new words 4) Multiple exposures to new words and opportunities to use new words (wide reading, intentional word-focused activities, and ongoing review) 5) A system to help students track new vocabulary (Beck, McKeon, 2002) Here is a five-step vocabulary activity to implement with your ELL students: 1) Teacher provides a definition (tell, read, demonstrate) 2) Teacher creates a non-linguistic representation of the word while engaging in a â€Å"think aloud† that helps students identify key components of the visual and their relationship to the new word 3) Students write or say their own definition of the word 4) Students create their own linguistic representation of the word 5) Return to visual to add or revise elements as students deepen their understanding of the concept Adapted from Marzano, Pickering, 2001 It is important that the teacher shares a knowledge base relative to the education of students learning English (Thomas, & Collier, 1997). Efficient teachers should be familiar with second language acquisition, the relationship of native language proficiency to the development of English, socio-cultural influences on learning, effective first and second language instruction, informal assessment strategies that can be used to monitor progress (particularly in language and literacy development), and effective strategies for working with culturally and linguistically diverse families and communities (Thomas, & Collier, 1997). It is also imperative that there is recognition of the students’ native language. Language programs must have support of principals, teachers, parents, and the community (Thomas & Collier, 1997). School staff should understand that native language instruction provides the foundation for achieving high levels of English proficiency (Cummins, 1994). For regular education teachers and ESL/bilingual teachers, when it comes to language development, there should be a share responsibility. There also must be collaborative school-community relationships. Parents of students learning English must be viewed as capable advocates for their children and as valuable resources in school improvement efforts (Cummins, 1994). By being involved with families and communities of English learners, educators come to understand the social, linguistic, and cultural contexts in which the children are being raised (Ortiz, 1997). Thus, educators learn to respect cultural differences in child-rearing practices and in how parents choose to be involved in their children’s education (Garcia & Dominguez, 1997). It is vital to implement academically rich programs for ELL students. Students learning English must have opportunities to learn advanced skills in comprehension, reasoning, and composition and have access to curricula and instruction that integrate basic skill development with higher order thinking and problem solving (Ortiz, & Wilkinson, 1991). Students must have access to high-quality instruction designed to help them meet high expectations (Cummins, 1994). Teachers should employ strategies known to be effective with English learners, such as: 1) Drawing on their prior knowledge 2) Providing opportunities to review previously learned concepts and teaching them to employ those concepts 3) Organizing themes or strands that connect the curriculum across subject areas 4) Providing individual guidance, assistance, and support to fill gaps in background knowledge Although it is evident that students fail in school for a variety of reasons, in some cases, their academic difficulties can be directly attributed to deficiencies in the teaching a learning environment. These difficulties may become more serious over time if instruction is not modified to address the students’ specific needs. Unless these students’ specific needs. Unless the deficit in learning is caught early and the appropriate intervention is accessed, they will continue to struggle, and the gap between their achievement and that of their peers will widen over time. References Cummins (1994). Knowledge, power, and identity in teaching English as a second language. â€Å"Educating second language children: The whole child, the whole curriculum, the whole community† Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. Garcia, S. B. , &Dominguez, L. (1997). Cultural contexts that influence learning and academic performance. In Silver, L. B. , â€Å"Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinic Of North America: Academic Difficulties†. Philadelphia: Saunders Co. Madden, N. A. , Slavin, R. E. , & Wasik, B. A. (1991). Success for all, â€Å"Phi Delta Kappan. † Thomas, W, P. , &Collier, V. (1997). School effectiveness for language language miniority students (Resource Collection Series No. 9). Washington: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education. Beck, I. , McKeon, M. &Kucan, L. (2002) Bringing Words to Life: Robust Vocabulary Instruction. Guilford Press. Ortiz, A. A. &Wilkinson, C. Y. (1991). Assessment and intervention model for the bilingual exceptional student. â€Å"Teacher Education and Special Education, 14 Saunders, W. and Goldenberg, C. (1999) The Effects of Instructional Conversations and Literature Logs on the Story Comprehension and Thematic Understanding of English Proficient and Limited English Proficient Students. http://www. cal. org/crede/pubs/research/RR6. pdf Marzano, R. , Pickering, D. J. , & Pollock, J. E. (2001) Classroom Instruction that Works. Alexandria, VA: MCREL, ASCD.

Supply Chain Management and Lean Production - 1949 Words

Abstract The system of interconnected businesses used to push a product from supplier to consumer is defined as a supply chain. Supply chain management focuses on managing the supply chain in an effort to improve the quality and time it requires to manufacture a product. In addition to implementing supply chain management, a helpful lean production practice called Just-in-time can be used to remove any waste present along the supply chain. The marriage of lean production and supply chain management creates lean supply chain management, which provides a much leaner and more economical supply chain for the product to flow through. Supply Chain Management and Lean Production Much uncertainty about what supply chain management†¦show more content†¦Today, management of the supply chain can be completed through the use of supply chain management software, such as E2Open. Supply chain management allows a company to document and track data pertaining to the supply chain. Benefits of the supply chain management Supply chain management places importance on managing the customer relationship, as well as the supplier relationship. By effectively managing these relationships, the company can become more competitive, while increasing the quality of the product to the customer. Placing emphasis on the supplier relationship and the businesses along the supply chain increases product efficiency and quality. The importance placed on the customer relationship focuses on the demands and needs of the customer. Through effective communication within the relationships along the supply chain, a basic balance of supply and demand is established. The eight SCM processes The presence of standard processes within an organization assists in optimizing the product flow (Lambert 2008). 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