Employment Law - Employment Contracts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Employment Law - Employment Contracts - Essay Example This rather surprising fact guides leaders in all types of organizations across the globe to believe that, rather than it being a mistake, that there are lessons to be learned from what has happened over the past two and a half decades, especially with regard to management types of issues (Harris, 2008). Over the course of the past 25 years, a lot of workforce issues have been revolutionized. Back in those rather unadorned times, "the law of labor and employment was a comparatively simple arena. The Fair Labor Standards Act required minimum wages and overtime and the Labor Management Relations Act protected employees' rights to form unions. OSHA was a three year old legal infant. The Civil Rights Act of 1964 was still a sleeping giant. State law was 'at will' and 'right to work'" (Harris, 2008, p.1). Furthermore, "The economy was fueled by the heavily unionized 'smoke stack' industries of auto, steel, rubber and coal. Employee issues were often handled by payroll or 'personnel' clerks. Formal training in the field was concentrated in 'industrial relations,' i.e., dealing with unions, rather than 'human resources management'" (Harris, 2008, p.1). Although some of the aforementioned policies and rules changed and s... Unions are not needed to enforce OSHA, COBRA, ERISA, the Immigration Reform and Control Act, WARN, the ADEA, the ADA, the Employee Polygraph Protection Act, and most recently, the FMLA. Even that old sleeping giant, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, was roused by its 1991 amendments" (Harris, 2008, p.1). At the state level of sources, institutions, and most of all enforcements, individual employee rights take the form of 'wrongful discharge" and other solutions such as common law torts. These solutions have matured significantly over the past 25 years. Other developments in the area of individual employee rights at the state level include complexity of the court system, erudition of government agencies, and superiority of special interest groups. Furthermore, refinement has occurred among lawyers and in human resources (Harris, 2008). Now, employees can do things on their own that they could not do without support from organized groups in the past. They can still seek support from these groups, but are not obligated to (Harris, 2008). "As the law of individual rights grew, former personnel managers became trained in behavioral motivation, training, career development, counseling, appropriate discipline, fair policies, good communication and, most importantly, participatory management. Risk management and human resources development merged to afford better workplaces and an environment which made unions less and less appealing to employees. Old labor lawyers turned their experience in campaigning against unions to assist human resource managers cope with all the necessary changes. We became human resource counselors as well as union battle horses" (Harris, 2008, p.1). Changes that occurred in the economy were concurrent with the changes that occurred in

Hamlets downfall stems from his inability to revenge Essay Example for Free

Hamlets downfall stems from his inability to revenge Essay Hamlets downfall stems from his inability to revenge. How is this fore grounded in the early parts of the play, breaking from the traditional conventions of an Elizabethan revenge tragedy? It can be said that Hamlets procrastination and inability to act result in his eventual demise. Shakespeare forewarns the audience of Hamlets flaws throughout the play, in his soliloquies and also through the exploration of the Elizabethan revenge tragedy. During the Elizabethan period, it was commonplace to write within the genre of the revenge tragedy. This particular genre was extremely popular with the public due to the themes it embodied. Namely restoring order through punishing vice and gaining personal retribution. Other features often included treason, incest and the appearance of a ghost. Hamlets belief in the occult and fear of damnation embodies the feelings of people at the time, The spirit I have seen may be a devil, and the devil hath power to assume a pleasing shape perhaps out of my weakness and my melancholy abuses me to damn me. Hamlet is unusual in that it is set in Denmark, a protestant country. When examining vice and human failings, Shakespeare and other writers often set their plays in catholic countries. The reason for this being that the examination of vice in Hamlet would not appear to be critical of the English court and also his ethical dilemmas would strike more of a chord with his audience. One such issue that is thought about by many people is suicide. Hamlets early mention of this prepares the reader for his eventual downfall. At the beginning of the play Hamlet expresses his wishes to die Oh that this too too solid flesh would thaw, and resolve itself into a dew. The use of solid simply expresses his wish to just melt and disappear into nothingness. Some texts however, replace solid with sullied, giving the quotation a slightly more interesting meaning, perhaps referring to the incest occurring between his mother and his uncle, a subject on which he must not make his opinions known. It also implies that he is also talking of the corruption in his own flesh. Some interpretations of the play suggest that Hamlet has a possible Oedipus complex (sexual obsession with his mother); this is further highlighted in his later comments about incestuous sheets, although this probably just refers to his mothers relationship with his uncle. Incest was a popular vice in the Jacobean genre, as it is regarded to be a mortal sin, specifically when involving a mother and her son. It is clear however that Hamlet does wish to kill himself, although he realises that God is against suicide as it is also a mortal sin, That the everlasting had not fixd his cannon gainst self slaughter. His religious beliefs also conflict with his need to revenge as the church also teaches that revenge is wrong under all circumstances. This conflicts with the Elizabethan revenge tragedy, which usually address the dynamics rather than the moral side of revenge. Hamlets role changes throughout the play; in the opening act, Hamlet plays the malcontent. He is still in mourning for the death of his father, almost a juxtaposition to the celebration around him due to his mothers wedding. The burden of revenge and the corruption around him leads to his supposed madness, brought on by his inability to cope with the pressure, he comments earlier in the play that he is no Hercules. It is likely that Hamlet uses the disguise of madness to speak the truth, as it excuses him from the consequences of what he says. An example of this is Hamlet talking to Polonius about his mistreatment of his daughter, You are a fishmonger [pimp], as Polonius uses his daughter to get to Hamlet. Hamlet does not wish to be used in this way by the ghost, who may be an evil spirit, and so damn his soul, the main reason perhaps for his procrastination. Shakespeare uses soliloquies to share Hamlets innermost thoughts with the audience, who sympathise with his various predicaments. These speeches establish Hamlets is more of a scholar than a man of action like his father; he realises this and admits that he is no Hercules. Without the encouragement of the ghost to revenge it is doubtful that Hamlet would have ever killed Claudius. He has sworn to suffer stoically, and hold his tongue. Even when he is sure that the ghost speaks truth, he will not kill the king while he prays for fear that Claudius will escape hell, a villain kills my father; and for that, I, his sole son, do this same villain send to heaven. In this sense Hamlet is very much an opposite of Laertes, who wishes to revenge his fathers death. Unlike Hamlet, he is not afraid of being damned for the act of revenge I dare damnation. Laertes is more of a traditional Jacobean revenger as he uses the stereotypical images and words of the hero to cut his throat I th church, and is an obvious opposite to Hamlet. It is ironic that Hamlet is incapable of acting on his filial obligation of his fathers most foul and unnatural murder when he would rid Denmark of corruption by doing so, but Laertes is prepared to revenge the murder of his corrupt father. It is debatable whether it is Hamlets procrastination that leads to his eventual death, as at the beginning of the play he threatens Horatio with his sword unhand me gentlemen, by heaven Ill make a ghost of him that lets me! It could be suggested that Hamlets eventual death is due to his disobedience of the ghosts orders, taint not thy mind, an almost impossible order as Hamlet is exposed to corruption firstly from his uncle, Claudius, the instigator of corruption, also through the accidental murder of Polonius, his doomed relationship with Ophelia and his immoral thoughts of his mother, Hamlet gradually becomes corrupted. Calderwood comments, Hamlets solution for the moment is to take refuge in the cleft between action and inaction. He does not act but instead plays mad, which cuts his behaviour off from the world of pragmatic affairs in which action and inaction have no meaning. Hamlet, after Claudius death would have become king, but through revenging he becomes part of the problem It is a massy wheel. to whose huge spokes ten thousand lesser things are mortisd.. When it falls, each petty consequence, attends the boistrous ruin. Hamlets death provides a fresh start for Denmark. He may not have perhaps made a balanced king, especially due to his outbursts of madness, thus he would be unbeneficial to the kingdom. This is expressed in the play when Rosencrantz says: The cease of majesty dies not alone, but like a gulf doth draw whats near it with it. It is perhaps due to this reason that Hamlet must die, in order to fully restore order in Denmark. The breaking of the traditional revenge tragedy makes Hamlet so much more appealing to its readers, as it is not confined to the question of how to revenge. It answers questions to which everyone is prone to debate (do we take arms against our problems or suffer stoically? ), hence its popularity. Shakespeare alerts us to Hamlets various failings through soliloquies with the audience in which we hear his innermost thoughts. Hamlets eventual death is due to a combination of emotional stress an inability to act, and his desire to always do the right thing, causing him to slip into a world where he doesnt have to act, but also to wastes valuable time. Hamlet is tainted by the corrupt, a reason in the end for why he must die.

The Davids of the World :: essays papers

The David's of the World Sometime soon after the year 1430, a bronze statue of David stood in the courtyard of the house of the Medici. The work was commissioned of Donatello by Cosimo d'Medici himself, the founding father of the Republic of Florence. It was the first free-standing, life sized nude since classical victorious athletes of Greece and Rome. But soft, and some how oddly unheroic. And the incongruity of the heads: of hair and shaded by a laurel-crowned peasant's hat; Goliath's tragic, contorted expression, made sharper by the pentagonal helmet and coarse, disheveled beard. Innocence and evil. The weak triumphing over the strong. The city of Florence triumphing over the aggressive dukes of Milan? "David" as a civic-public monument. In the year 1469, Ser Piero from the Tuscan town of Vinci moved to Florence to become a notary. He rented a house on the Piazza San Firenze, not far from the Palazzo Vecchio. His son, who was a mere 17 years old upon their arrival, began and apprenticeship in the Florentine studio of the well known artist, Andrea Verrocchio. At this time, Veracchio was at work on a bronze sculpture of the young David. Might the head of this fine piece be a portrait of the young Leonardo da Vinci? For many years a block of marble lay untouched, tossed aside as unusable, irretrievable evidence of a botched attempt to carve a human form. It was eighteen feet high. A young sculptor, 26 years old, riding high after the enormous success of his figure of the Virgin Mary holding the dead Christ, decided to ask for the piece. The wardens of the city in charge of such things let the artist have it. What did they have to lose? Getting anything out of it was better than nothing. So this young sculptor named Michelangelo measured and calculated. He mad a wax model of David with a sling in his hand. And he worked on his David continuously for some three years, until, a man named Vasari tells us, he brought it to perfect completion. Without letting anyone see it. A century later, a young sculptor, 25 years old, stares into a mirror at his steeled jaw and determined brow. A contemporary source tells us that on this day, perhaps, the mirror is being held by Cardinal Maffeo Berberini while Bernini transfers what he sees in himself to the face of his David.

Job Rotation: Advantages and Disadvantages

1. Helps Managers Explore the Hidden Talent: Job Rotation is designed to expose employees to a wider range of operations in order to assist managers in exploring their hidden talent. In the process, they are moved through a variety of assignments so that they can gain awareness about the actual working style of the organization and understand the problems that crop up at every stage. Through this process, managers identify what a particular employee is good at and accordingly he or she is assigned a specific task. 2. Helps Individuals Explore Their Interests: Sometimes, employees are not aware of what would like to do until they have their hands on some specific job. If their job is rotated or they are exposed to different operations, they can identify what they are good at and what they enjoy doing. They get a chance to explore their interests and hidden potential. 3. Identifies Knowledge, Skills and Attitudes: Job Rotation helps managers as well as individuals identify their KSA (K nowledge, Skills and Attitudes). It can be used in determining who needs to improve or upgrade his or skills in order to perform better. This helps in analyzing training and development needs of employees so that they can produce more output. 4. Motivates Employees to Deal with New Challenges: When employees are exposed to different jobs or assigned new tasks, they try to give their best while effectively dealing with the challenges coming their way. It encourages them to perform better at every stage and prove that they are no less than others. This gives rise to a healthy competition within the organization where everyone wants to perform better than others. . Increases Satisfaction and Decreases Attrition Rate: Exposing employees to different tasks and functions increase their satisfaction level. Job variation reduces the boredom of doing same task everyday. Moreover, it decreases attrition rate of the organization. Employees develop a sense of belongingness towards the organization and stick to it till long. 6. Helps Align Competencies with Requirements: Alignment of competencies with requirements means directing the resources when and where they are required. It assesses the employees and places them at a place where their skills, competencies and caliber are used to the highest possible extent. Advantages(http://smallbusiness. chron. com/advantages-disadvantages-employee-r otation-18994. html) 1. Depth In its â€Å"Job Rotation Makes You a More Valuable Employee† article, temporary staffing industry founder Kelly Services points out that job rotation provides the employer greater depth at positions across the company. By moving employees around, the company develops more workers with skills in each area. If an employee requires a leave of absence, goes on vacation or needs a day off, it's good to have several capable replacements to step in and take on the work. 2. Employee Development With job rotation in place, employees can move around and avoid falling into a rut in one position. Over time, employees develop more skills in a wider array of positions. This provides job stability and equips them for better opportunities to earn promotions. All of these advantages, and better overall development, makes employees more valuable to their employers. 3. Employee Resistance. Job rotation is sometimes met with resistance from employees in certain situations. Experienced employees who are comfortable in their positions are often reluctant to rotate into other spots. Dan MacLeod and Eric Kennedy also noted in their publication, â€Å"Job Rotation System Report to XYZ Co. ,† that employees who use equipment and materials in their daily work have a hard time giving up their materials to others rotating in. 4. Training A job rotation strategy comes with costs. When you move employees into multiple positions, you must invest time and money into training the workers in all those positions. This not only includes costs for the employees who are rotating, but also the time of the managers and others who must train the employees in each area. A related concern is that some employees aren't good fits in certain positions within the company, regardless of the training program's effectiveness. Disadvantages Frequent interruption Job rotation results in frequent interruption of work. A person who is doing a particular job and get it comfortable suddenly finds himself shifted to another job or department. This interrupts the work in both the departments Reduces uniformity in quality. Quality of work done by a trained worker is different from that of a new worker . when a new worker I shifted or rotated in the department, he takes time to learn the new job, makes mistakes in the process and affects the quality of the job. Misunderstanding with the union member Sometimes job rotation may lead to misunderstanding with members of the union. The union might think that employees are being harassed and more work is being taken from them. In reality this is not the case. Experienced workers not wanting to learn new types of work.

Azande

We are strong Catholic believers, and we know there is ore to this world than just what our eyes can withhold. Much like the Agenda, I believe that there are people who have gifts given to them at birth as well. The Agenda people know that once they are born, they are given the gift of witchcraft. Just like some people In my culture have the ability to see, talk, and hear those who are no longer living. We both believe In the aspects and lurks about death. 2. Think about the ways in which members of your society are compelled to behave in socially acceptable ways.How do these differ from one another? The way I see this is that in our society we are all mixed and in different areas. We are all forced to learn about respect, and cooperation towards one another. In our society men and women can play the same roles, have same work ethic, and children. We are such a diverse country others might see this as a dishonor or Just straight up â€Å"unusual†. There could even be those who see our life style as a freedom. The Agenda people remind me as of being â€Å"old-fashioned†. Just for the fact that the men, play the big role in the family.They are the leaders basically the â€Å"big man on amp's† but for the family. Now the women stand by their men and take care of their children. In their community they all stick together and marry within them. They aren't so diverse like us; they even have websites so they could stay connected and together. In our society we do whatever we want basically, we really do not have much to follow but government policies. Agenda people have rules and standards they must be obeyed. We don't care and they respect their living situations. 3. Do you employ logic that Is similar or different when explain negative thoughts?I am the type of person who always thinks negatively, even when the outcome turns out to be a positive one, but I do believe that some Incidents are Just accidents. Thoughts are always luring in everyone 's mind, even when nothing bad Negative either could have stepped wrong or you couldn't have been paying attention. Necessarily, Just because that occurred doesn't mean it was planned or plotted against you. The Agenda believe that the simplest injury is never Just a coincidence or an accident, either its witchcraft or someone is against you.I can understand their viewpoint, but sometimes bad luck Just happens in life. Like say for those who are â€Å"accident prone† for instant, they are Just people who can't help but get injured in their own majestic ways. It is not that they have enemies; they are just not the most careful people in the world. I do think negative a lot, but in my standing point sometimes nature Just takes its course and things happen without our control. I'm probably the most negative person out there, but I do consider the saying â€Å"accidents happen†. . Is there several different â€Å"System of logic† that may be invoked, depending upon the circumstances? If you are depending on the situation, then yes there are different logics. Accidents do happen, but from another moral they aren't always a random act of kindness. This is a cruel world, and no one is going to hold your hand. You will always have somebody who dislikes, envies you, or Just wants you gone. Then this could possibly happen, some humans in this world will go beyond the circumstance to get there way.Agenda believe in attacking their enemy with the powers and magic f witchcraft. When someone gets injured or has a medical issue we'd all like to think it was not intentional, right? That isn't always the case now. When death takes place in our society, it is usually attempt of murder, actual murder, or suicide. Getting hurt now or hurting others isn't always an act of kindness, therefore the Agenda people do have a point when they are feeling victimized by one another. Everyone has different methods of reaction when it comes to their enemies, but they are not always a â€Å"wise† choice.

Media Portrayal on Youth Women Minorities essays

Media Portrayal on Youth Women Minorities essays Mankind has now reached the time where Television and the Media has become one of the most influential resources, which all people frequently use in their everyday lives. With at least one television present in each household in America, families have incorporated all that television brings to the public into the privacy of our homes. Though the concept of Television is still fairly new, Media has been in existence dating back to biblical times. Aware of its indescribable power, many have used the Media and its resources to promote individuals personal propagandas, and to bring forth issues and concerns that the government would like the general public to focus on. While the Media has been used to dramatize the struggles of different groups, in order for the public to see how much discrimination groups was forced to experience (Civil Rights Movement). The Media has also been used to discriminate on other types of groups. It is known that Television and the Media has greatly impacted the lives of peoples in the 20th Century. How the public interprets the information that is given, can affect individuals views and outlook on society. That is why it is important to explore how the media has portrayed different types of groups, and in what ways has it affected the lives that people live today. By examining how the Media has portrayed Women, we might be able to find how certain outlooks and generalizations in our society have come to be. The story of Adam as it was written in the bible, revealed that Eve was the first to give into temptation by tasting the forbidden apple, which GOD strictly forbade them to touch. Through out History, it was very hard to find many instances that would show Women in a more positive light. Instead I have encountered many instances where the women were mainly seen as ...

President Lincolns use of executive power during the Civil War

President Lincolns use of executive power during the Civil War Free Online Research Papers I believe that at the time of the Civil War President Lincoln had every right to do the things that he had done. Author Harold J. Spaeth, Ph.D., J.D. from Michigan State University states â€Å"In deciding four cases concerning vessels captured while running a naval blockade shortly after the Civil War began, the Court sustained the president’s action, by saying: â€Å"If a war be made by invasion of a foreign nation, the president is not only authorized but bound to resist force, by force. He†¦is bound to accept the challenge without waiting for any special legislative authority. And whether the hostile party be a foreign invader, of States organized in rebellion, it is none the less a war.† Congress later enacted legislation ratifying the president’s proclamation.† Basically what that meant was that Lincoln did not have to wait for approval from congress in order to take some serious actions. Slavery, economy, and states rights were the cause of the Civil War. In the Northern states there were no slaves because they had put a law past saying that no one could buy, sell, trade, or own slaves. In the Mid-west, farm owners saved money by paying one person to run a wheat cutting machine that did the work of 12 people, they also paid people to work in the factories. There was a different way of life in the South. The rich, Southern, plantation owners had owned slaves. Southern states grew cotton, Mid-western states grew wheat, and Northern states had many factories and businesses. Slaves worked without pay on the plantation gathering cotton and doing other jobs. Many states in the South wanted to make their own laws, instead of the Federal Government making them. But the North wanted the Federal Government making the laws and wanted the Federal Government to make the laws though. The states were also debating whether or not the newly formed states should be freed states or s lave states. As a result, the Southern states seceded from the Union. Lincoln was getting concerned that the border-states would slip away from the Union also. Their importance to both sides, but particularly to the confederacy, was clear. In the book, Battle Cry of Freedom, James McPherson says this about the border states of Missouri, Kentucky and Maryland. â€Å"The three states would have added 45% to the white population and military manpower of the Confederacy, 80% to its manufacturing capacity, and nearly 40% to its supply horse and mules.† Maryland was the first place where President Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus. The authorities detained a Southern sympathizer named, John Merryman. Merryman sued the United States Supreme Court under chief Justice Roger Taney agreed with his suit that Lincoln did not have the authority to suspend habeas corpus. In the constitution, Article I, habeas corpus is not to be suspended by Congress unless the public safety is threatened by rebellion or invasion. The only mention of habeas corpus i s in Article I in the injunction for Congress not to suspend the privilege except in the above two circumstances, but there is no mention of habeas corpus in the description of Presidential powers in Article II. Regardless, Lincoln felt compelled to exercise the authority to suspend the writ of Habeas Corpus and he acknowledged to Congress later that he might have been on shaky Constitutional grounds in doing so. Eventually, the United States Congress granted Lincoln the power to suspend the writ of habeas Corpus during the war going forward and reflective back to the beginning of the war. His argument was basically that abusing this one provision of the Constitution was worth it if the Union’s very existence was at stake. Lincoln’s view was that the protections traditionally granted to all citizens were subject to question when a part of the citizenry was in rebellion against the Union. Research Papers on President Lincoln’s use of executive power during the Civil War19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XQuebec and CanadaTwilight of the UAWCapital PunishmentBringing Democracy to AfricaAppeasement Policy Towards the Outbreak of World War 2

U.S. Economic Regulation and Control

U.S. Economic Regulation and Control The U.S. federal government regulates private enterprise in numerous ways. Regulation falls into two general categories. Economic regulation seeks, either directly or indirectly, to control prices. Traditionally, the government has sought to prevent monopolies such as electric utilities from raising prices beyond the level that would ensure them reasonable profits. At times, the government has extended economic control to other kinds of industries as well. In the years following the Great Depression, it devised a complex system to stabilize prices for agricultural goods, which tend to fluctuate wildly in response to rapidly changing supply and demand. A number of other industries trucking and, later, airlines successfully sought regulation themselves to limit what they considered harmful price-cutting. Antitrust Law Another form of economic regulation, antitrust law, seeks to strengthen market forces so that direct regulation is unnecessary. The government and, sometimes, private parties have used antitrust law to prohibit practices or mergers that would unduly limit competition. Government Control Over Private Companies The government also exercises control over private companies to achieve social goals, such as protecting the publics health and safety or maintaining a clean and healthy environment. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration bans harmful drugs, for example; the Occupational Safety and Health Administration protects workers from hazards they may encounter in their jobs; the Environmental Protection Agency seeks to control water and air pollution. American Attitudes about Regulation Over Time American attitudes about regulation changed substantially during the final three decades of the 20th century. Beginning in the 1970s, policy-makers grew increasingly concerned that economic regulation protected inefficient companies at the expense of consumers in industries such as airlines and trucking. At the same time, technological changes spawned new competitors in some industries, such as telecommunications, that once were considered natural monopolies. Both developments led to a succession of laws easing regulation. While leaders of both political parties generally favored economic deregulation during the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, there was less agreement concerning regulations designed to achieve social goals. Social regulation had assumed growing importance in the years following the Depression and World War II, and again in the 1960s and 1970s. But during the presidency of Ronald Reagan in the 1980s, the government relaxed rules to protect workers, consumers, and the environment, arguing that regulation interfered with free enterprise, increased the costs of doing business, and thus contributed to inflation. Still, many Americans continued to voice concerns about specific events or trends, prompting the government to issue new regulations in some areas, including environmental protection. Some citizens, meanwhile, have turned to the courts when they feel their elected officials are not addressing certain issues quickly or strongly enough. For instance, in the 1990s, individuals, and eventually government itself, sued tobacco companies over the health risks of cigarette smoking. A large financial settlement provided states with long-term payments to cover medical costs to treat smoking-related illnesses. This article is adapted from the book Outline of the U.S. Economy by Conte and Carr and has been adapted with permission from the U.S. Department of State.

Element of Literature Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Element of Literature - Essay Example These mothers are somehow estranged with their daughters and disappointed by how they have grown up. Secondly, unbeknown to these mothers, they play a significant role in their children’s becoming. It shows clearly in the manner they care for and love their daughters, which, though done in good faith, have caused them to behave differently instead. Dee, Emily and the girl in the poem may have just been products of the way their mothers have treated them. Mama, the narrator in â€Å"Everyday Use,† is particularly troubled over her eldest daughter’s behavior. Comparing her two daughters, she finds her traditional ways and principles as part of the rift between her and Dee, who is more flashy, modern, materialistic and confident. Mama â€Å"often †¦ fought off the temptation to shake her† (Walker, 1973, p. 745). Her other daughter Maggie is homely, biddable, compassionate and â€Å"used to never winning anything, or having anything reserved for her† (Walker, 1973, p. 745). Yet as a woman making ends meet for both daughters, even so far as doing strenuous manly activities, Maggie’s everyday presence matters more to her than Dee’s capable but absent self. In fact, between the two, only Dee has gone to college while Maggie stays home. Indeed, there is a measure of estrangement between Mama and Dee. This particular passage speaks of how much Mama is estranged from her eldest daughter: Sometimes I dream a dream in which Dee and I are suddenly brought together on a TV program of this sort †¦ Then we are on the stage and Dee is embracing me with tears in her eyes. She pins on my dress a large orchid, even though she has told me once that she thinks orchids are tacky flowers. (Walker, 1973, pp. 743-744) Certain passages in the short story also prove how although she has an affection for the elder Dee, she is disappointed in her ways and her views in life. When Mama refuses to give Dee the quilts, she looks at her â€Å"with hatred,† saying, "You just

Apostle Paul and the Law Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Apostle Paul and the Law - Research Paper Example What does seem clear is that the traditions of Mosaic Law have been placed outside of Christian life is distinguished from its Judaic heritage by replacing ritualistic worship to that of faith based worship. The place of the Law within Christian life, however, seems to have much less definition to modern readers. The following paper will first discuss the ways in which the life of Christ exemplified an ‘otherness’ that was difficult for new Christians to grasp without the condition of Mosaic Law to create ritual and order. The discussion will then focus on the Epistle to the Galatians and then the Epistle to the Romans in order to define what Paul said in relationship to law for the Church. Finally, an examination of the issue will bring to light how the letters written by Paul can be related to the Gospel revelations of the nature of Christ and his teachings to his followers. Through a look at faith based Salvation and the need for order through Law, the writings of Pau l can be used to help uncover Mosaic Law traditions in relationship to the new responsibilities and freedoms of the followers of Christ. Social Differentiation, ‘Otherness’ and the Discussion of Law Defining individuals through social structures that place them into groups has been a long remembered method of defining the population across the world ‘Otherness’ was a problem in that the openness with which Christ taught was incongruent with the way in which people saw one another. Christ gave examples in order to show that he embraced all people for their differences, their faults, and even for their sins. When pressed to define who was a neighbor He made a Samaritan into the hero of the story at a time when Samaritans were looked down upon with contempt. After Jesus had left the world, however, the social differentiations that existed began to emerge as an issue where practices and traditions infiltrated the nature of the message that Paul gave in how to w orship. Paul found that he had to dampen the belief in old ways so that the new could thrive in a world in which ritual was a strong part of life. Ritual still defines how people find structure in their life. Through the acts of ritual, order is established. It is far easier to do something than to simply believe in something. Paul saw that the need for ritual was clouding the message that he had brought to followers, the belief that in doing certain acts that followed Mosaic Law salvation could be gained. People rather naturally fall to doing to express what they feel rather than feeling what is needed to create faith. Faith is a difficult concept even in its simplicity. Faith means to believe, but there is a great deal of baggage between knowing and believing which can get in the way. People tend to fall to doing rather than devoting their time to belief as faith has such a deep emotional context that it can be hard to maintain. Culture and the Law tend to be an issue. As people t ake comfort in the rituals that build the familiar, the show of enacting the Law was outside of the practices of worship that Paul had given to followers. It was not the rituals themselves that were a problem but that he was afraid that they were using ritual in place of belief. In reading the work of Thompson

What shapes women's decisions to take part in prenatal testing and Essay

What shapes women's decisions to take part in prenatal testing and screening - Essay Example As pregnancy progresses the chances of changing the normal situation to abnormal one also increases. These complications could be primarily related to mother or developing foetus and both can affect the other partner. Continuous contact between a pregnant woman and a health are provider reduces the chances of turning the situation towards real emergency situation. This care provider – client relationship not only addresses the medical issues but it becomes an excellent opportunity to discuss other related and required issues, like: nutrition, rest, event around delivery, postpartum period, care of newborn and family planning. During pregnancy, there is an opportunity for pregnant woman to get herself tested or screened as advised by her care provider. Prenatal testing and screening is a preventive measure to exclude as many pathological situations as possible so that the outcome of a pregnancy is smooth in the shape of a normal newborn. During the prenatal period, pregnant women are advised some routine laboratory tests for all women. These laboratory tests require samples from blood, urine and cervix, as well as tests for sexually transmitted diseases (STIs) (Medial Library, ACOG). The purpose of this routine activity is that if some abnormality is detected then it can be treated early before complications start because of this abnormality. Moreover, treating these abnormalities is not a big task but the effects of treating these abnormalities are significantly high. Urine is tested for the presence of sugar and proteins in the urine. High levels or sugar are of some concern otherwise sugar is excreted in urine during pregnancy but the presence of proteins suggests further work on excluding urinary tract infection (UTI), other kidney diseases or blood pressure. To look for any change in the cervix, a Pap smear is taken and assessed for any change leading to cervical cancer if it has not been taken during

Interpersonal Intelligence Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Interpersonal Intelligence - Essay Example They easily empathize with other people, sensitive to their emotions and moods and understand them well. Social gatherings are greatly enjoyed by them. This explains why they have many friends and they like engaging in team sports (Personality Max, n.d.). Cherry went on to say that because of these characteristics, people with a high interpersonal intelligence will be successful in the fields of psychology, philosophy, guidance counseling, sales or politics (n.d.). Most religious leaders, nurses, therapists, community organizers, teachers and mediators are people with interpersonal intelligence. One can learn to develop his interpersonal intelligence by participating in community organizations, taking a leadership role in group activities, taking up a team sport or informally tutoring other people. Enhancing one’s listening and communication skills are also essential to develop interpersonal intelligence. Cherry, K. (n.d.). Gardners theory of multiple intelligences. Retrieved January 10, 2012, from psychology.about.com Web site:

Female circumcision (also referred to as female genital mutilation) Essay

Female circumcision (also referred to as female genital mutilation) - Essay Example In fact, many men in Sudan will refuse to marry a woman who has not undergone the mutilation procedures (Hosken, 2005). This practice is done, also, as a means of exerting male dominance over the female, which is often common in the Muslim communities of Africa and the Middle East. Outside of the physical effects of female genital mutilation, there are significant psychological outcomes of the practice, including diminished self-concept (self-esteem) and unhealthy submissive behaviors leading to poor notions of self-identity and equal rights. In cultures where men or governments actively inflict this harm on women, those who refuse the procedures are either killed or left without a husband who will refuse to marry her. In nations where male financial support is required due to lack of legislation allowing women to work independently, the psychological impact of refusing mutilation is one of abandonment. Some argue that such genital mutilation is done to satisfy strict religious doctrine, however there are other complaints that governments use this to avoid genocide, or the destruction of a countrys citizens in favor of using government food and money to support them. If governments use these mutilation procedures to stop women from having one child after another, it keeps populations under control. This is very much a human rights issue, as it seems that the United Nations, The World Health Organization, and Amnesty International are working very hard at raising awareness of the plight of women across the globe. Progressive and Westernized nations prohibit any form of violence against women, thus they are reinforcing these values to other nations. Kenya recently experienced a significant drop in female genital mutilation activities due to the overwhelming, positive response of these organizations to identify the long-term psychological and physical impact of the procedure to

Second Langauge Learning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Second Langauge Learning - Assignment Example In the same way, second language learners of different nationalities find it difficult to produce the voiced consonant of the article â€Å"the† as well as the voiceless counterpart of this article as in â€Å"thin†. Grammatical errors that the learners of second language make can, in part, be attributed to interference between the first language and the second language. Nevertheless, at the phonological level, there is a certain level of reliability. Differences between other languages and English are often the major reason behind the interference. The process of learning is considerably simplified as the phonological differences or similarities between the first language and the second language become greater. Use of contrastive analysis hypothesis in the teaching of second language Inaccuracy of the learner’s language imparts the need for the teacher to ascertain if the error is related to pronunciation or grammar. In spite of all the controversies and critici sms that the use of contrastive analysis as a way of teaching second language has gained, many teachers still find the insights provided by the contrastive analysis hypothesis quite useful and helpful in comprehending the problems commonly faced by the students, and for making students understand what they need to learn. The contrastive analysis hypothesis provides the learners with the awareness of the differences between their first language and the second language. This helps the learners realize what speech habits of their native language can be transferred to the second language. â€Å"It seems desirable, then, that teachers be familiar with the significant differences between the... This essay approves that grammatical errors that the learners of second language make can, in part, be attributed to interference between the first language and the second language. Nevertheless, at the phonological level, there is a certain level of reliability. Differences between other languages and English are often the major reason behind the interference. The process of learning is considerably simplified as the phonological differences or similarities between the first language and the second language become greater. This report makes a conclusion that the interaction hypothesis assumes the learner to be in a continuous cycle of learning. The quality and amount of learning is directly linked with the variety of experiences that the learner has in the everyday life. Learner in the eyes of interaction hypothesis is a person with receptive personality traits. The curiosity of learning is assumed to be ingrained in the learner. However, the quality of learning is fundamentally associated with the hold of the other person in communication with the learner over the second language of the learner. The learner might be able to learn more as a result of the interaction with another individual who is also a non-native speaker of the language in which the communication takes place because the learner can then identify with the communication partner and might thus be better able achieve hold over the weak areas. During the process of communication, the learner negotiates in the second language which reveals gaps in his/her abilities.

Female circumcision (also referred to as female genital mutilation) Essay

Female circumcision (also referred to as female genital mutilation) - Essay Example In fact, many men in Sudan will refuse to marry a woman who has not undergone the mutilation procedures (Hosken, 2005). This practice is done, also, as a means of exerting male dominance over the female, which is often common in the Muslim communities of Africa and the Middle East. Outside of the physical effects of female genital mutilation, there are significant psychological outcomes of the practice, including diminished self-concept (self-esteem) and unhealthy submissive behaviors leading to poor notions of self-identity and equal rights. In cultures where men or governments actively inflict this harm on women, those who refuse the procedures are either killed or left without a husband who will refuse to marry her. In nations where male financial support is required due to lack of legislation allowing women to work independently, the psychological impact of refusing mutilation is one of abandonment. Some argue that such genital mutilation is done to satisfy strict religious doctrine, however there are other complaints that governments use this to avoid genocide, or the destruction of a countrys citizens in favor of using government food and money to support them. If governments use these mutilation procedures to stop women from having one child after another, it keeps populations under control. This is very much a human rights issue, as it seems that the United Nations, The World Health Organization, and Amnesty International are working very hard at raising awareness of the plight of women across the globe. Progressive and Westernized nations prohibit any form of violence against women, thus they are reinforcing these values to other nations. Kenya recently experienced a significant drop in female genital mutilation activities due to the overwhelming, positive response of these organizations to identify the long-term psychological and physical impact of the procedure to

Forecasting and business analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Forecasting and business analysis - Assignment Example The feasibility study concludes that Tribeco would benefit by expanding to Adelaide market. Expansion of business activities to other market area is a challenge that needs proper assessment and forecasting. Tribeco needs to get feasibility study of Adelaide market to assure them of profitability if they invest. As the name suggests, a feasibility study is an investigation of the practicality of an initiative. The feasibility study concentrates on assisting answer the essential query of whether a corporation should proceed with the planned project idea. All practices of the research are directed toward assisting answer this question. Feasibility analysis can be utilized in many approaches but primarily concentrate on proposed business project. For this study, RGRT, AWE and UR are essential for this study since they provide the summation needed to make a conclusion concerning the expansion idea. This paper illustrates methods of forecasting study applying regression of a given dataset. The method of forecasting employed is checked for the statistical significance of the regr ession model. It is important that the model must be significant in order to create a relevant and effective analysis (Shim and Siegel, 2007).   Recreational Good Retail Turnover (RGRT) concerns the sale of products that are not essential for life. Recreational goods are not usually fundamental to life, and could be offered as Christmas or other holiday’s presents. When a region has a high RGRT rate it indicates other essential needs are equally well taken care of. Average weekly earnings (AWE) are indicators of short-term earnings expansion giving monthly estimates of the stage of average weekly earnings per individuals. AWE substituted AEI (Average Earnings Index) in 2010. AWE measure was recognized as a National Statistic in 2010 and, as a result, it replaced the NAE (National Average Earnings)  Index as the heading

Frankestein and his creature Evil Essay Example for Free

Frankestein and his creature Evil Essay He ate the berries and other small fruits that he found in the woods. He is good at this stage because He has seen how He was upsetting the family when He was eating their food; He realised this and started to chop wood to repay the family. He is aspiring to be like the family, He wishes to be friends with them and have friends of His own. There are a series of events, which leads up to the creature becoming resentful and violent. He first saw His reflection in a pond; His gaze laid eyes upon His ugly, repulsive reflection. He could not believe that His creator had made Him this ugly. When He saw the blind Grandfather alone one day, He decided He would approach Him because He thought the Grandfather would be more understanding as he was old and more wise. This was so but when the old mans daughter in law and Granddaughter returned, they screamed at the sight and the son came rushing home. The son thought the creature was attacking his father and so the son attacked the creature. The creature ran away and did not respond with violence. The creature did not lash out because He thought that if He did it would ruin any chance of becoming friends with the family. Later on in the week he over heard a conversation between the son and their landlord, the son said, My wife and sister will never recover from their horror. After the conversation the creature gave up all hope of befriending the once, happy, joyous and caring family. The family left the cottage out of fright; meanwhile the creature was angry and very upset. He went back to the empty cottage and set the wooden building alight. He watched the cottage burn and He enjoyed it. Later on in the creatures life He found Victors diary which contained notes on how His creator abandoned Him. In the front of Victors diary it had His home address of Geneva written in it. The creature was determined that Victor would feel His wrath. He set of to Geneva to get revenge. On His arrival in Geneva, he saw a small boy walking on the same lane that He was on. The creature hid in the bushes and wandered whether he should He reveal Him self to the child. He thought that if the child being young would understand His condition. He decided to reveal Him self. He took hold of the small boys arm, He wanted to protect and look after Him. The child screamed, the creature told the boy His intentions, that He wanted to be friends. The boy kept on screaming, He cried out, Monster! Ugly wretch! You wish to eat me and tear me to pieces, youre an ogre, let me go or I will tell my Papa. My father is Mme Frankenstein. You belong to my sworn enemy, Victor Frankenstein. After all the upset He has caused me, I will give Him something to be upset about. With that the creature picked up the small boy William and throttled Him. The creature gained enormous pleasure over killing William, He had the taste for killing and He wanted revenge. The creature met with Frankenstein in the remote mountainous regions of Geneva, no one around to disturb them. The monster did not attack Victor, he wished to talk; the creature wanted Victor to create another being, a female one this time. Victor was served with an ultimatum, if he would recreate another being they would retire to South America or Victor would feel his wrath, fired by hatred, self-pity and desire for a mate. The creature does have a right to a mate, He will go away and not disturb any one ever again or He will destroy Victor if He does not. Victor has reason not to create a mate, She could be even worse, she has not promised to be good, the creature could hate it, they could come back or they might desolate the world. When Frankenstein was on His death bed, He said, Examining my past conduct, nor do I find it blameable. He feels it is not His fault about what has happened and He feels He had done nothing wrong. He knows He had responsibilities but He ignored them thinking the duties towards the beings of my own species were more important. Victor said He was right about not building a new creature. He says the first one went wrong and killed his friends and family, so He will not create a partner for the creature that killed them. He said it was evil and He had to kill it. The creature is very upset, He admits to killing Victor by leading Him to the icy lands. He asked for forgiveness but He knows it will not change anything. It said He had put up with more anguish than Victor ever had, He had to do it even though he didnt want to do it. When Victor was about to be cremated on the ice fields, the ice cracked up, the monster swam across and lit the pyre, and He stayed there next to Victor while He burned. I think that Victor Frankenstein was not evil, He was very confused and completely adsorbed in what he was doing, he was sure he was right, wanting to get rid of death, apart from a violent on. The creature was good in that he helped the family in the winter when food was scarce. However he did turn to evil was towards the end of the book after he failed with living with him self, destine to walk alone for the rest of his life. Another aspect for being evil was that he killed his creator; the man he gave him his pitiful life, and his family.

Galileo Galilei Essay -- Essays Papers

Galileo Galilei Galileo was born in Pisa along the Via del Cuore in 1564 to Vincenzo Galileo, a man known for his study of music, and Giuli Ammananti. When Galileo was ten he moved to Florance.1 At eleven young Galileo was sent to Vallombrosa for school. At fifteen Galileo decided to be a monk, but because of his father gave up his ambition. In the late summer of 1581 Galileo entered the University of Pisa and embarked on a course of study in medicine. Studying the Aristotelian system, which states larger heavier objects from high places, Galileo became increasingly skeptical. Evidence of Galileo’s brilliance was assured when in 1583, he was attending service in the cathedral and he saw that the flames of the candles osculated back and fourth. It was upon this observation that the pendulum was built. Not having enough money and not having the skills required to stay at the University, they kicked him out. To get by, Galileo began tutoring students. His continuous work with mathematics led Galileo to go to Rome and visit the famous Jesuit mathematician Christopher Calvis. From there on out, Galileo was able to hob-knob with Italy’s mathematical elite. As Galileo’s acquaintances grew, so did his reputation. He went on to make lectures and speeches about his mathematical findings. Unfortunately by 1593 Galileo was in dept. To make up for his financial problems Galileo invented what we know as the thermometer. There was no money in this so Galileo worked at a university teaching ptolemy and kept his job tutoring for a fair price. Time passed and Galileo moved from Giustina to a large three-story house behind the Basilica of San Antonio. Galileo still struggled to make ends meat, which also could be blamed on his mistress Marina... ..., Galileo was dumped with Michelangelo’s, his brother’s, wife and seven kids in May of 1627. When in 1627 Ferdinand II became lord of Tuscany, Galileo was appointed o the council of 200. A year latter in 1630, Galileo finished the controversial Dialogue. Galileo’s book drew much criticism and as a result, by January Galileo went away to be tried in court for believing in the Copernican opinion. After much deliberation on the issue, Galileo was sentenced to imprisonment. Though given many luxuries for a prisoner, Galileo was not allowed to speak or even carry out many of his creative ambitions.2 By Christmas of 1637 Galileo had gone blind and with all his illnesses was struggling just to live. Then on January 8, 1642 Galileo Galilei died.3 Sources 1 Field, Galileo Gaililei, 1 2 Reston, Galileo: A Life, 7-282 3 Unknown, Biography Galileo Galilei, 1 Galileo Galilei Essay -- Essays Papers Galileo Galilei Galileo was born in Pisa along the Via del Cuore in 1564 to Vincenzo Galileo, a man known for his study of music, and Giuli Ammananti. When Galileo was ten he moved to Florance.1 At eleven young Galileo was sent to Vallombrosa for school. At fifteen Galileo decided to be a monk, but because of his father gave up his ambition. In the late summer of 1581 Galileo entered the University of Pisa and embarked on a course of study in medicine. Studying the Aristotelian system, which states larger heavier objects from high places, Galileo became increasingly skeptical. Evidence of Galileo’s brilliance was assured when in 1583, he was attending service in the cathedral and he saw that the flames of the candles osculated back and fourth. It was upon this observation that the pendulum was built. Not having enough money and not having the skills required to stay at the University, they kicked him out. To get by, Galileo began tutoring students. His continuous work with mathematics led Galileo to go to Rome and visit the famous Jesuit mathematician Christopher Calvis. From there on out, Galileo was able to hob-knob with Italy’s mathematical elite. As Galileo’s acquaintances grew, so did his reputation. He went on to make lectures and speeches about his mathematical findings. Unfortunately by 1593 Galileo was in dept. To make up for his financial problems Galileo invented what we know as the thermometer. There was no money in this so Galileo worked at a university teaching ptolemy and kept his job tutoring for a fair price. Time passed and Galileo moved from Giustina to a large three-story house behind the Basilica of San Antonio. Galileo still struggled to make ends meat, which also could be blamed on his mistress Marina... ..., Galileo was dumped with Michelangelo’s, his brother’s, wife and seven kids in May of 1627. When in 1627 Ferdinand II became lord of Tuscany, Galileo was appointed o the council of 200. A year latter in 1630, Galileo finished the controversial Dialogue. Galileo’s book drew much criticism and as a result, by January Galileo went away to be tried in court for believing in the Copernican opinion. After much deliberation on the issue, Galileo was sentenced to imprisonment. Though given many luxuries for a prisoner, Galileo was not allowed to speak or even carry out many of his creative ambitions.2 By Christmas of 1637 Galileo had gone blind and with all his illnesses was struggling just to live. Then on January 8, 1642 Galileo Galilei died.3 Sources 1 Field, Galileo Gaililei, 1 2 Reston, Galileo: A Life, 7-282 3 Unknown, Biography Galileo Galilei, 1

Racism in the Film Remember the Titans Essay -- Movie Film Football Ra

In the movie "Remember the Titans" there are many lessons that every person should learn in their life. One of the most important lessons is that of racism. In this day and age some people believe that racism is over because there are no longer any slaves, some people believe that there is still racism but that it is ok. I believe that those people would benefit a great deal from seeing this movie. I know that there is still racism, I also know that it is not ok. There is a scene in this movie where the coach takes the team on a long run in the middle of the night. They end up at the break of dawn at a cemetery. The coach tells the young men of the battle that was fought on that ground. He told of the blood shed on those grounds that turned the whole area red. This can help many people that want to make a difference in this world. They had to stand up for their new knowledge to people that they love and trust. The people in this story go through a great transformation from hating each other to being as close as brothers but I do not feel that the end result is the most important part. These boys had very difficult decisions to make. I think that all these young men were raised to be racists to varying degrees. This graveyard moment was a very clear message that could not be misunderstood. They learned tolerance for those of their loved ones that couldn?t or wouldn?t learn as quickly as they did. If we are to ever overcome the misguided beliefs we gain from our parents we need a very good explanation of why we should believe another way. Without this I do not think that the team would have ever come together because they had been raised to hate each other their whole life. The learned the importance of friendship and what i... ...n effort to get along. Their friendship was so secure and they were so pleased that they had learnt to overcome the racial issues and spent the time to get to know each other. They both still acted as if they were better than each other and they weren?t going to attempt to change this, even when they were playing football together. If something went wrong they would blame each other, or disagree, and always end up fighting and usually about different things, like who was better and right. By observing the friendship emerging between Gerry and Julius other people began to realize that having friends of a different race was not wrong. This also made Gerry and Julius?s friendship grow even stronger as they made a huge impact on the community. They started to understand each other and created a bond that was so strong that their appearance didn?t seem to matter anymore. Racism in the Film Remember the Titans Essay -- Movie Film Football Ra In the movie "Remember the Titans" there are many lessons that every person should learn in their life. One of the most important lessons is that of racism. In this day and age some people believe that racism is over because there are no longer any slaves, some people believe that there is still racism but that it is ok. I believe that those people would benefit a great deal from seeing this movie. I know that there is still racism, I also know that it is not ok. There is a scene in this movie where the coach takes the team on a long run in the middle of the night. They end up at the break of dawn at a cemetery. The coach tells the young men of the battle that was fought on that ground. He told of the blood shed on those grounds that turned the whole area red. This can help many people that want to make a difference in this world. They had to stand up for their new knowledge to people that they love and trust. The people in this story go through a great transformation from hating each other to being as close as brothers but I do not feel that the end result is the most important part. These boys had very difficult decisions to make. I think that all these young men were raised to be racists to varying degrees. This graveyard moment was a very clear message that could not be misunderstood. They learned tolerance for those of their loved ones that couldn?t or wouldn?t learn as quickly as they did. If we are to ever overcome the misguided beliefs we gain from our parents we need a very good explanation of why we should believe another way. Without this I do not think that the team would have ever come together because they had been raised to hate each other their whole life. The learned the importance of friendship and what i... ...n effort to get along. Their friendship was so secure and they were so pleased that they had learnt to overcome the racial issues and spent the time to get to know each other. They both still acted as if they were better than each other and they weren?t going to attempt to change this, even when they were playing football together. If something went wrong they would blame each other, or disagree, and always end up fighting and usually about different things, like who was better and right. By observing the friendship emerging between Gerry and Julius other people began to realize that having friends of a different race was not wrong. This also made Gerry and Julius?s friendship grow even stronger as they made a huge impact on the community. They started to understand each other and created a bond that was so strong that their appearance didn?t seem to matter anymore.

How important is that we are certain about what we claim as knowledge? Essay

How important is that we are certain about what we claim as knowledge? According to my opinion, it is crucial to identify what we claim as knowledge. The world has a lot of information but not all of them can be claimed as knowledge that is suitable to. Everything from your opinion to the life changing decisions you make are dependent on the knowledge that you identify as your own through your own perspectives and also through your experiences. To me, unnecessary knowledge is something a person does not have to have and does not need to be claimed by a person. To distinguish between necessary and unnecessary knowledge one must know what he or she believes in and would need to be steadfast to that topic. By doing this your knowledge will be refined, rather than flooded. By saying this, it does not mean that the knowledge you can collect should not be collected it is just that the knowledge that is refined to your stature is definitely going to help you better than any other knowledge that you collect that does not come under your scope. The importance of what we claim as knowledge differs from person to person and in the end the basic background and culture the person is from, will determine what knowledge he identifies and adores. All in all the knowledge that you have does not merely state what you know, it describes what kind of a person you are and how your life has been and will be! How important is that we are certain about what we claim as knowledge? According to my opinion, it is crucial to identify what we claim as knowledge. The world has a lot of information but not all of them can be claimed as knowledge that is suitable to. Everything from your opinion to the life changing decisions you make are dependent on the knowledge that you identify as your own through your own perspectives and also through your experiences. To me, unnecessary knowledge is something a person does not have to have and does not need to be claimed by a person. To distinguish between necessary and unnecessary knowledge one must know what he or she believes in and would need to be steadfast to that topic.

The Enron Managers’ Mistakes

Looking for mistakes is a very difficult thing to do, especially if the case in point is something which is as successful in one point of its existence such as the Enron. Companies such as Enron employ the best managers because work at these levels leaves very, very, very little room for error; unless it was a calculated and deliberate error in the part of the erring managers.If such was the case, then it would lead to the identification of malice and fraudulent motivations in the part of the managers, since no manager wants to commit knowingly a mistake. The identity of the ‘mistake’ shifts now from what used to be as poorly thought-of action plan made individually and independent of other people’s orientation and influence resulting to losses to the general course of action, attitude and mental alignment of some the managers in Enron that made the collapse as something which is highly improbable.Still there were mistakes in general, and still, it will be manager s at the end of the day who will be answerable and liable for these mistakes, from what was claimed as accounting processes that are bogged down by innocent human error, to deliberate cover ups and last minute action recourse that was a minute too late always people are thinking that at worst, it was a well schemed, well planned, internal sabotage. Yes, they made mistakes. And former Enron Corp.Chairman Kenneth Lay himself was among those who ‘admitted to mistakes’ which are by and all bereft of malice as he insisted that despite the mistakes, any wrongdoing in running the energy giant was not part of his activities while servicing Enron (Emshwillerm, McWilliams, 2006). Companies and business management executives adhere to a particular paradigm or accepted practice in the daily undertaking of business and commerce because it is a necessary tool in the check and balance system that guarantees that the interests of the company, the investors and the public are protected. The main idea behind the collapse of Enron Corporation is its managers’ deviance from these paradigms due to fraudulent intentions, and because of this, investors and the public in general placed Enron’s managers and chief executives as the one who erred and the ones who are criminally liable, leading to one of the most controversial debacle in Wall Street history.Enron willingly or unwillingly, knowingly or unknowingly kept analysts, investors and other people from the business industry outside and in the dark. Some of their actions made them accountable according to the letter of the law while some can interpret the entire fiasco as a mere case of incapable and incompetent managers.The partnership and the role of these partnerships and the failure to see how it will work out in the long run is one of the biggest mistakes of Enron and its managers along with i5ts move to inflate its reported profits and manipulate its profits, and at some extent the managers knew of t hat this move was a potential mistake but the earnings are just to tempting for them not to wager and give it a try, providing Enron suddenly with a way to hide the true amount of its debts through these partnerships with companies who are people and managed by the same executives found in Enron (Rouleau, 2002).The managers’ mistakes are assessed using two perspectives – first, their mistakes that contributed to the downfall and worsening of Enron as a company, and second, the mistakes that they made that lead to the conviction of the criminal charges that were slapped on them. What did they do wrong? Many.Just for starters, Smith (2006) wonders about the foolhardy risk of Enron in booking profits using means which are considered as generally volatile, risky and perfectly lawful and legal; this alongside Enron’s racking up of â€Å"mark-to-market† gains, a steady real-cash influx based model for accounting, as reflected on the company’s trading boo k which do not reflect the use an accounting system which is based on the flow of actual money like the accrual system,CRIMINAL LIABILITIES – The mistakes of Enron’s managers are reflected on their criminal records as their miscalculated mistakes led them from blue chip executive managers to criminal convicted felons, which may have cast light on the guilt of certain crimes of the Enron managers but was unable to bring to light fully other important details.And by 2006, Smith (2006) still considers that it ‘isn't clear how much Enron made or lost off its vaunted energy-trading, energy-services and broadband units’ or the extent of the earnings of Enron over what Smith considers as the exploitation of ‘the California electricity market during the 15-month crisis’ which started in the spring, year 2000 (Wall Street Journal, pA9).And when several business mangers that are all capable and willing to commit criminal acts to the company and its inve stors are housed inside one company, it is the perfect recipe for an impending financial crisis. To be able to analyze the mistakes of Enron’s managers that lead to the collapse of the company, it is important to take a look at two things – the crimes for which every manager was accused of, and for the alleged crime that they made but were acquitted from.The management and the managers were, after all, responsible for letting Enron be ‘dependent on paper trading gains’, which, according to Smith (2006) actually had ‘little real cash attached to them and so vulnerable to credit calls that made it incapable of riding out a crisis’ (The Wall Street Journal, pA9), something which is not very much explored since the trial focused on the liabilities of the leaders and managers who kept on insisting throughout the trial that Enron was merely a ‘victim to a run on the bank’. Smith, A9). Before making a scrutiny overall individual mistakes by Enron managers, one of the mistakes of the board of directors should be mentioned since it was symbolic to the law-bending and law-twisting nature of doing business inside Enron that put them in this mess in the first place.This particular incident which symbolizes the many other similar erratic actions and costly mistakes made by the board of directors is about the time when the board of directors opted to waive the aspect of conflict of interest and allowed Enron's very own Chief Finance Officer Andrew Fastow to head a business that is directly in dealing with Enron since the board of directors may have seen the merit, however temporary, of the strategy that allows Fastow's LJM to acquire by buy out Enron's assets which it considers as underperforming, in truth the company of Fastow is no more than a smokescreen so that the debt of the Enron is shielded and the profit improved on paper. The most significant person and Enron manager who made the most telling mistakes en route t o the downfall of Enron is no other than Kenneth Lay.Others were just a notch lower than Lay’s stature in the mismanagement department, and these include others like Jeffrey Skilling, Greg Whalley, Mark Frevert and Andrew Fastow – they may or may not be included in Lay’s excuse list of what he considers as ‘deceitful underlings’ (Emshwillerm, McWilliams, 2006). For Lay and all the involved Enron managers, their mistake was to wager their career and the future of Enron in exchange for whatever financial gains they experienced resulting from undertaking fraudulent actions and strategies while inside the company and holding key positions in Enron. Lay faced eleven criminal charges as an aftermath of the Enron scandal, all of which he pleaded not guilty.During the sentencing, Lay was found by the jury guilty of securities and wire fraud. This reflects Lay’s two main mistakes which he made throughout his Enron career – the mistakes that he made that caused the downfall of Enron considering that all of the accusations hurled against him are false, and the second mistake, the inability to protect himself for worst case scenario, whether or not he is truly guilty of criminal actions. Another managerial mistake of Lay is his show of support and trust to the operations of Lou Borget, who was later convicted of money laundering. Lay was notorious for undertaking questionable and shady workings that are hardly transparent to those who need to see and understand it.Even before his Enron days, Lay was always full of suspicious and strange actions, like how he still managed to control Internorth despite the fact that it was his small company which the Internorth brought and how insurance companies point to Lay's questionable dealings in foreign countries like Peru where Enron formerly do business in. This resulted to Lay's career being capped with losses, sales of what is otherwise considered as a very profitable operation, emp loyee lay-offs and shady partnership deals which analysts consider as Lay's way of hiding debt. If Lay is synonymous with shady accounts, questionable transactions and strange partnership moves, Skilling seemed to be haunted by a curse which is just as bad as that of Lay – failed business operation. Skilling joined Enron in 1989. Prior to that, his career was inside a banking institution, the First City Bank of Houston, which collapsed as he left.If Skilling’s excuse was that his mistakes were made without malice and as a result of some human error factor, then he was misled and confused at least 19 times, the same number of times he was acquitted for wire fraud and securities fraud. Even with the fact that it is close to impossible for Skilling to have an excuse for such number of instances pertaining to erroneous but not malicious managerial actions inside Enron which can prove that he is innocent after all, his capability as a top tier manager will be put to questio n next, as well as the authority and prudence of those who hired him since Skilling, after all, is close to being moronic with the nature of the job he was signed up to work in, if it is true that he did not have any acts with malicious or destructive nature towards the company for all of the times he was said to have committed securities and wire fraud.This is the case of someone stupid being smart enough to land a position of power, something which is not just convincing and realistic enough as it was plain dumb. Regardless, it is still Skilling’s mistake that burdens him with such load. Andrew Fastow's mistakes was opting to do things which are not designed to answer Enron's brewing financial problem but to provide a mat under which Enron managers can sweep the dirt when business visitors and investors come in for a visit. This is true with the case of Fastow's creation of the so-called off-book entities. Even before Enron crashed, Fastow was already showing the company ho w he is mistake prone. Example of which was the 1996 job that he bungled, described by Barboza and Schwartz (2002) in detail; ‘Fastow†¦ as nearly fired for the poor job he did running a retail unit that aimed to put Enron into competition with local utilities around the country' (The New York Times).The same poor sense of long term outlook despite the innate financial wizardry inside Fastow’s head led Fastow to create an escape for Enron when its Calper’s interests are not being addressed to as planned and expected by Enron his wife's family posing as outside investor and a low level Enron employee who was promised a hefty 10 million profit, the use of Chewco as the hiding place for Enron's debts and as a way to help in the inflation of Enron's profits which were both impossible in the first place, .Again, maybe Fastow was guiltless after all of the crimes stacked against him after the Enron collapse; but the one sure thing is that despite his intelligence, he committed too many mistakes that netted him in a web and be ‘wrapped up in a series of complex transactions that ultimately doomed him' (Barboza, Schwartz, 2002), and the doom that came as a result of his mistakes amounted to an indictment of 78 counts of crimes that included fraud, money laundering, and conspiracy. Paula Rieker was one time the managing director of investor relations of Enron. She was guilty of the criminal charge set against her (criminal insider trading charge) as she was guilty of the mistake of allowing herself to join her colleagues in what was called the exercise of self enrichment inside the company wherein managers use the situation at hand to make the most out of one's profit.Former Enron CAO Richard Causey, Enron treasurer Ben Glisan Jr. nd energy trader John Forney were all guilty of securities fraud as he was guilty of the mistake of failing to do what is right for the company or the mistake of failing to act upon constructively using one's sou rces and capabilities to keep Enron alive. OUTSIDE CRIMINAL LIABILITIES- Aside from the analysis of Enron’s managers that led to convictions to criminal acts, a look at the Enron situation without the malice of fraud will also reveal little things that help compound the growing mismanagement of Enron and made the fall a bit faster. The mistakes of the Enron managers can also be stacked together in either of the two categories – financial management failure and poor people management.For now, the idea that the company may have been sabotaged directly behind fraudulent intentions from the top executives will be put aside in the name of management strategy assessment, and also because of the fact that common sense business dictates that no business entity or individual would risk building a blue chip firm that it will take down so hard so fast. The assessment of the errors is based on the fact that the top executives and managers of Enron did something hugely erroneous an d disastrous for the company sans the malice that some economic and business conspiracy theorists are exploring or what the criminal convictions simply proved.Simply said, Enron top brass made big time mistakes particularly because they are running a big time firm, and the paper will try to look at these big time mistakes and how it affected and contributed to the fall of Enron and their eventual conviction. Poor Financial and Overall Management – Despite the fact that companies are indeed legit, it is difficult to prove that 100 percent of all the legit businesses, may it be in the United States or anywhere in the world, operates using strategies and methods that are 100 percent legal. Some of these companies tweak and bend the law here and there, and the reason why some of them are not caught is because they are prudent and good enough that no fall-out in the magnitude of crisis level would result from such law-bending actions.Having established that, Enron and its managers are plainly not good enough to sustain the good financial position of the company and they were not able to balance out with good management maneuver and strategy whatever downside and ill-effect the results of their ‘criminal acts’ has on the company’s performance even before it hit crisis-level. It was just a case of poor financial management. Considering that Enron did not have any fraudulent intentions, the management of the company is still guilty of hiring incompetent individuals which they used to fill in key positions since none of them were capable of salvaging what was left of the fast sinking company. â€Å"Financial fraud is often a team sport. It took a host of banks, lawyers and accountants to hide Enron's problems from investors† (The New York Times, 2007). They are guilty of maneuvering poorly Enron inside the trade and stock exchange landscape with or without the illegal and criminal transactions that they did.They are guilty of sticking to a team of financial executives and their strategies and capabilities even when it appears that these personnel and their strategies are taking Enron nowhere but down, that is with consideration to the fact that again, they did not have any fraudulent intentions in the first place. The fact that Enron was poorly managed is hardly challenged as the proofs are just overwhelming and the tale of the stock price of Enron says it all – before the crisis, Enron shares stood at 90 US dollars; by November 21, 2001 the stock price of Enron is down to just seven US dollars. A week later the price was down to 0. 61 US dollars as the trading day closed along with the withdrawal of Dynegy Incorporated from previous deals with Enron and the awarding of the junk status rating to the company.Adding to these are other happenings that bolstered the claims that Enron was poorly managed before and during the crisis; the debt repayment obligations that amounted to 9 billion US dollars at the clo se of the year 2002, an amount which cannot be covered by the company's available cash at that time, the decimation of five billion US dollars in just fifty days of the amount that Enron borrowed from financial firms and banks which was originally planned for use in buying its commercial paper and other strategies to resuscitate the company's financial standing. Even the pattern of its financial behavior is reeking of the foul odor of poor management – the big third quarter loss followed by the company's announcement that it has actually overstated Enron's earnings in the last four years, and then followed by the making public of Enron's $3 billion obligations to its several partnerships.Questionable Business Strategies – The Enron debacle highlighted not just Enron managers’ poor financial and business acumen; it also showcased the poor people management skills of the managers of Enron reflected by its strategies and its inability to protect the company and its investors from long term and short term losses which they may have failed to predict or foresee in the first place. The only thing it appears they do best is confuse the company, confuse the public and in the end confuse even themselves that even when they wanted to, they cannot explain to the public, particularly to the SEC and to the investors, what is really going on inside Enron.Public Assurance – Credited to the faults of the Enron managers is the fact that the company’s managers were unable to convince the investors in the time of crisis that everything is being done to create or maintain stability. The investors were not waiting to be told that everything at Enron is ok, since they would not believe it if it was said in the first place owing to the fact that the company is not transparent enough to even convince the investors and the public in general that they are even telling the truth. The managers were not able to control the mounting unrest and it was the case because of their refusal to divulge important information that can convince the people about the state of the company.And this attitude is not impossible to think that many of the Enron managers were all in denial on what Enron, their milking cow, their cash cow, has become, ‘Mr. Fastow was reluctant to acknowledge what was happening'(Barboza, Schwartz). Deterioration of Credibility – Another important and noteworthy fault that the Enron managers, particularly Kenneth Lay, committed is that they allow their credibility to deteriorate in front of the public and in the face of the investors. How did they, particularly Lay, do that? Through a lot if different ways that merely exacerbated the situation and compounded the growing negativity of the people towards him owed to his being overly shady and secretive of the many aspects of Enron’s operation and financial status.With the breaking of the credibility of the top management tier of Enron comes the decreasing level of respect the people has for Enron managers, not just because of the result of the impending loss and the financial impact it has on investors some of which has there whole future in it, but because Enron managers themselves are creating inter-personal friction between them and those who are pushing for answers to unresolved questions. This attitude is reflective of how Enron’s top management people like Skilling treated investors who are merely calling for transparency by asking balance sheets and detailed earnings and was instead treated with expletive words over a conference call.Breaking of Ranks – During Enron’s financial battles, one of the aspects that greatly crippled them as an organization is the massive breaking and falling apart of their own ranks. In any battles – corporate or not – it is important that managers and top tier executives show a united front, especially when it comes to addressing the public and providing the assu rance that everything is alright, and that whatever minor problems are being addressed immediately through the unity of the top management brass. In the case of Enron and its managers, it is either top brass people are leaving or they are simply being replaced during the most critical part of the company’s financial battle when senior and long time veterans are expected to hold the reigns and maintain control.

Modeling and Solving Inventory Control Problems Essay

Due to customer needs for stylish forms, new modern designs, special packaging or better product production, changes in the business environment influence engineering and logistic relations between companies and suppliers. IT technology plays a big part in solving issues concerning the process. Inventory control became today’s vital problem in management supplier demands. The aim of the article is to determine a supplier-stocking–producing policy that will make cost optimal stockpiling possible for an optimal length producing time horizon. The stochastic newsvendor model is a mathematical model in operations management and applied economics used to determine optimal inventory levels. A decision maker needs to decide how many units of limited-useful life products to order for a single selling period because the aim is to have an optimal-length producing time horizon. The optimal solution seen is characterized by a balance between the expected costs of shortage and surplu s. According to seasonality analysis, demands for products change greatly in a certain period, therefore run-out problem of nowadays has a great importance. By improving the models that is highly related in solving the problem, they optimized the cost function of the parameter, which does not remove the possibility of back-order and is applicable for an optimal time horizon. The handling of product run-out problems was solved by the developed model which arises from the seasonality of the real demand. By using the developed classical newsvendor model, the minimal number of required production cycles can be determined in a specific production time horizon as well as the optimal quantity that needs to be manufactured in the cycle. It is different with other models such as probabilistic model, economic batch quantity model, quantity discount model because it gets the optimal inventory level in its optimal length period.

Innovation, knowledge and learning Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Innovation, knowledge and learning - Assignment Example Knowledge management is undertaken with great zeal and initiative in today’s organizations and accounts for a key success factor for them too. It primarily addresses the ways in which organizations might manage the knowledge existing within its systems and its employees. It also provides the basis on which information technology may be used for leveraging the existing knowledge and creating or generating new knowledge too. A more effective solution is reached at when this knowledge is transferred or integrated into sets of policies for capturing and generating more knowledge. The firms are considered to be a network of relationships existing between individuals, groups and sub units who are further embedded into a broader network of relationships with competitors, customers, suppliers, and other organizations. However, the superficial aspects of contexts and problems would have to be eliminated for the transfer of knowledge to be successful. This is also true that in cases where knowledge is applied inappropriately or in such contexts where is does not fit rightly, it is likely to result in fall in performance. That is why the topic of knowledge transfer has attained great importance and the field of research. (Baum, 2002, p.198). The project seeks to make a critical evaluation of an article on knowledge management through making a comprehensive review of the case study of ‘InTouch’ within Schlumberger. It evaluates the ways in which knowledge is created, mobilized and diffused within the organization. The analysis of the paper in conducted w ith the use of adequate academic references. The project is conducted using qualitative research techniques in which the literature review provides critical analysis of the researches conducted before providing statements for or against the topic; and the data analysis is done using secondary research techniques. The data are integrated and compiled to arrive at the research findings and analysis. Critical Literature Globalization and the innovation are very closely related in the modern era. Globalization is one of the most important events of the civilization (Ervin, Smith, 2008, p. 7). The concept has brought immense changes in the thinking process of the human beings and development of new ideas and innovations in the world. Innovation is used in every field of the social behaviour of human beings and new things are generating every day for the enhancement of the lifestyle and business processes. Innovation in the field are also used in the industries and for the enhancement of the business functions knowledge management system is the latest technology used to build a knowledge base for the employees in the organization for the learning and innovation process. According to the author Robert Thierauf, in a knowledge management system the most important aspect for the firm is the storing of data which acts as the real knowledge of the firm. The collective knowledge of the different employees and the experiences from the different sources of the organization are organized at a single database for discovering at later stages (Thierauf, 1999, p. 72). But on the contrary by the author Stuart Barnes, knowledge reflects a phenomenon which is very difficult to quantify as it is the most difficult activity to segregate knowledge from other activities. Each and every aspects of the daily life can be a dynamic source of knowledge for everyone. Rather than its theoretical aspect it is more about practical implementation of the daily understanding of business processes (Barnes, 2002, p. 99). According to the European Foundation for Quality Management (EFQM), organizations need to evaluate their activities and implement strategies for building an efficient

My personal philosophy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

My personal philosophy - Essay Example This is why my biggest motivation and mission is to proudly offer nonjudgmental and unbiased care particularly to those in need regardless of their class in life, race, lifestyle choices, spirituality, disability and financial status. My philosophy therefore makes me understand that as a nurse I have a responsibility to my patients and must offer them with holistic, safe, patient-centered, round the clock care. In addition, it makes me bear in mind that patients under my care are not mere statistics, medical conditions or just room numbers but individuals that need and deserve personalized care and attention. Professionally, nurses are supposed to use clinical judgment so as to assist the requirements of their patients. Being an advocate, I am obligated to empower my patients by encouraging them to engage in active partnership as far as their individual care is concerned and participate in mutual setting of goals between patient and care providers. As a nurse I should maintain and uphold patient confidentiality with the exception of when the law mandates us to report as a duty. My philosophy also reminds me that I must constantly educate not only my patients but their families as well especially on treatments, healthy behaviors and diseases so as to enhance their outcomes. Lastly I am also obligated to strive to positively model healthy behaviours in my own life in the belief that I will offer better care to patients if I care for myself first. In conclusion, my philosophy enables me to be committed to keeping myself with the up to date skills and knowledge together with seeking self-enhancement via perpetual learning. This ensures that I do not remain in my belief but instead progress professionally via evidence-based technological and practice advances. My philosophy ensures that I will always keep on learning, not only from journals and textbooks but also from various interactions with my colleagues and involvement

Answer 1 question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Answer 1 question - Essay Example On the other hand, in political science, the term legitimacy refers to the popular acceptance of the authority of the outside bodies by the governing body. The governing body has no option but to accept on the every authority that is given to it by the outside superior bodies. The governing body must just take them regardless of whether they favor the country citizens or not (Cohen, 2013). In political science, there are various relationships between the two states of sovereignty and the legitimacy. Some of these relationships include the following ones. First, in both countries that exercise either legitimacy or sovereignty, the governing bodies must have to stick by their legislative deadlocks. In a political state that uses the political sovereignty, they still have some small influential elites that all the governing bodies must adhere to. This is similar to a nation that exercises political legitimacy. They have no option other than just adhering to the authority of the governing regime. For example, in Chinese political philosophy, the political legitimacy of their rule in the government derived from the Heaven Mandate since the period of Zhou Dynasty. Due to legitimacy, those rulers who lost had no option but to accept that mandate was to rule over the people (Kalmo and Skinner, 2010). Other than that, the other relationship between the sovereignty and legitimacy is that, in both states, there is a regime that is final. In the political sovereignty, a body detects what appears to be interference from the outside bodies. The body then decides on what should exactly be done on that, and there is nobody that can object that. Similarly, in a political legitimacy state, there is a superior body that decides on what the body of governors should do and there is no other body has the authority to object that. Taking an example in the real situation, USA as a superior state that is in controls

Write a research paper on the concept of jihad Thesis

Write a research paper on the concept of jihad - Thesis Example it means duty mindedness, groups interpret the same as a tool to exert their influence, individuals consider it as their duty, the U.S authorities interpret it as the influence of fundamentalism on religious belief and the reason behind terrorism, Muslim world considers it as the core aspect of their belief, and the rest of the world considers it as the reason behind religious intolerance or fundamentalism. This section of the research work is divided as: jihad, differences in meaning, for groups and individuals, implication of jihad for the U.S., implication of jihad for the Muslim world, and implication of jihad for the rest of the world. Basically, the word jihad possesses inner meaning, i.e. duty mindedness of the believers. To be specific, this word denotes the inner struggle faced by the believers while proving their devotion to the almighty. On the other side, Shia Muslims interpret this word differently because they consider that it is their duty act against the infidels in general. Gilles Kepel states that, â€Å"By designating, in the Muslim context, all efforts to propagate Islam as â€Å"jihad†, in their eyes the word comes to signify a holy war against all â€Å"infidels† who they stigmatize as such† (x). To be specific, this sect of Muslims provides importance to the violent aspect of jihad. When one provides importance to the inner struggle faced by the believers, jihad becomes non-violent. When one provides importance to the exhibition of physical struggle, jihad is misinterpreted and misunderstood as a violent act. Still, some followers consider that spiritual struggle cannot help one to be with the almighty. Then, the violent aspect of jihad gains upper hand and results in drastic after effects. When the term jihad is superimposed into the context of religious belief, one can see that the same is less violent. Then, the struggle against the disbelievers will be transformed into the struggle to transform the society. In the religious text, jihad is